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Geography GCSE > Rivers 🦆 > Flashcards

Rivers 🦆 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the source

A

Where a river begins

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2
Q

What is the drainage basin

A

The area from which water drains into the river

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3
Q

What is watershed

A

An imaginary line that seperates two drainage basins

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4
Q

What is a confluence

A

The point where two rivers join together

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5
Q

What is are tributaries

A

Smaller rivers which join the main river

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6
Q

What is the flood plain

A

Land that floods when a river flows

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7
Q

What is the mouth

A

Where the riverbflows into the sea or a lake

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8
Q

What is the river bed

A

The bottom of a river channel

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9
Q

What is the river bank

A

The side of a river channel

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10
Q

What is a channel

A

Where a river flows

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11
Q

What is a river long profile

A

The long profile shows how a river’s gradient changes as it flows from its source to its mouth

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12
Q

What is corrosion

A

Soluble particles and minerals dissolved into the river

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13
Q

What is abrasion

A

Rocks carried along by the river wear down the river bed and banks

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14
Q

What is hydraulic action

A

The force of the river against the banks eroding the rock

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15
Q

What is attrition

A

Rocks being transported by the river smash together and break into smaller rounder and smoother pieces

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16
Q

What is suspension

A

Fine light material carried in water

17
Q

What is traction

A

Large boulders and rocks rolled along the river bed

18
Q

What is solution

A

Minerals dissolved in water and are carried along in solution

19
Q

What is saltation

A

Small pebbles and stones bounced along the river bed

20
Q

Where is material deposited in a river

A

Inner bend of a meander, on the floodplain and at the river mouth

21
Q

How is a waterfall formed

A
  1. A river flows across a flat landscape
  2. The hard rock does not wear away as fast as the soft rock and so a SMALL STEP DEVELOPS
  3. The soft rock continues to erode quickly and a waterfall develops
  4. A plunge pool develops at the base of the waterfall
  5. And overhang develops as erosion continues behind the waterfall
  6. The overhang collapses and the waterfall retreats back upstream creating a GORGE
22
Q

What direction is erosion in the upper course

A

Vertical

23
Q

What direction is erosion in the middle course

A

Lateral

24
Q

What is an ox-bow lake

A

Horse shoe or semi circular area that represents the former course of a meander

25
Q

Why does deposition occur on the inner bend of a meander

A

Because it is shallower on the inside bend the water moves slower so has less energy as there is more friction. Therefore the river depositis some of its load creating a gentle slip-off slope

26
Q

How is an ox-bow lake formed

A
  1. Erosion and deposition cause a bend in a river to bend into a meander
  2. The meander bends more until it becomes a really tight loop
  3. When the water is high the river has enough energy to go straight across the loops rather then around it
  4. This is called a MEANDER CUT OFF
  5. The river keeps to its new channel and so the loop left is called an ox-bow lake
27
Q

How are levees and floodplains formed

A
  1. When a river floods the water leaves the cahnnel and flows onto the floodplain
  2. As the water leaves the channel it loses enrgy due to increased friction resulting in deposition
  3. The largest load is deposited first anf the raised river banks are known as levees
  4. The smaller load is then deposited in size as it flows further away from the channel
  5. The subsequent layers of sediment that build up after flooding create the floodplain
28
Q

What are artificial levees

A

Created as a flood defence they increase the maximum volume of water the channel can take and so reduce the likelihood of flooding

29
Q

What is an estuary

A

The tidal part of a river where freshwater from the river merges with the saltwater from the sea

30
Q

What are deltas

A

A flat area of sand and silt built out into the sea

31
Q

What are the human causes of flooding

A

Deforestation
Urbanisation
Channelisation

32
Q

What are the physical causes of flooding

A 
Ice and snow melt
Intense rain conditions 
Impermeable rocks 
Saturated ground 
Steep slopes
33
Q

How do you calculate discharge and what is it measured in

A

Discharge (metres cubed/ seconds) = velocity x volume

34
Q

Give examples fo soft engineering to manage floods

A 
Floodplain zoning 
Doing nothing 
Flood warning system
Retention ponds 
Afforestation
35
Q

Give examples of hard engineering to manage floods

A

Dams
Channelisation
Levees/embankments
Flood relief channels

Geography GCSE (10 decks)

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