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Geography GCSE > Coast 🏝 > Flashcards

Coast 🏝 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define a coastline

A

A place at which the land meets the sea

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2
Q

What is weathering

A

The breakdown of rocks at the Earths surface, by the action of rainwater, extreme temperatures and biological activity

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3
Q

How is biological weathering caused

A

STRONG PLANT ROOTS can force cracks to widen rocks

ANIMALS burrowing and walking along the surface of the ground can weather it away

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4
Q

How is chemical weathering casued

A

CHEMICAL REACTIONS break down the bonds holding the rocks together breaking them into smaller pieces

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5
Q

How is physical weathering caused

A

WIND, RAIN & WAVES wear away rocks

FREEEZE-THAW

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6
Q

Give 3 examples of mass movement

A

Rock falls
Rock/ mud slides
Slumping

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7
Q

What are waves

A

A body of water moving towards a coastline at a higher than average level

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8
Q

What is backwash

A

Movement of water always at right angles to the sea

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9
Q

What is swash

A

Movement goes up at the angle of the wind

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of constructive waves

A

Strong swash, weak backwash
Created in calm weather
Deposit material
Long wave length, low in height

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11
Q

What are the characteristics for destructive waves

A 
Strong backwash, weak swash 
Created in storm conditions 
Erode the coast 
Short wave length, very steep 
Occur when energy is high and wave has travelled over a long fetch
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12
Q

What is a headland

A

Areas of resistant rock which protrude from the coastline

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13
Q

What is a bay

A

Areas of less resistant rock between 2 headlands which is quickly eroded

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14
Q

How is a wave cut platform formed

A

Erosion occurs at high (corrosion, solution, hydraulic action)
Undercutting occurs
A wave notch is formed at the base of the cliff
The resulting overhang collapses and the cliff retreats
A large area of flat rock is left at the base of the new cliff line- WAVE CUT PLATFORM

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15
Q

List the order of headland features leading up to a stump

A 
Line of weakness
Caves
Arch
Stack
Stump
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16
Q

What is longshore drift

A

The transport of sediment along a stretch of coastline caused by waves approaching the beach at an angle

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17
Q

How does wave refraction work

A

As waves approach the coast they are refracted due to the shallow water causing the waves to slow down (friction)
This means their energy is concentrated around the headlines and reduced around the bays

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18
Q

Define the term: beach

A

The gently sloping area of land between the high and low watermarks

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19
Q

What is a spit

A

A spit is a finger of land madeof sand and shingle that extends into the sea from the coastline

20
Q

Name four depositional landforms

A 
Bars
Tombolo 
Dune
Beach
Spit
21
Q

Describe the formation of a dune

A

Sand is blown and deposited when it hits in at obstacle
The sand of builds up overtime to form a ridge at the back of the beach
Vegetation can grow and dunes are formed

22
Q

Describe the formation of a tombolo 

A

The spit grows out from the mainland in the direction of longshore drift and connects the mainland with the nearby island

23
Q

Describe the formation of a beach

A

Waves approach the coastline parallel to it and their energy decreases as water depth decreases causing constructive waves to deposit material

24
Q

Describe the formation of a bar

A

A spit will form and grow across the two headbands in the direction of LSD.
As material is deposited it creates a sandbank and leaves a trapped lagoon behind what’s known as a bar

25
Q

Define concordant

A

Where bands of different rock type run parallel to the coastline

26
Q

Define discordant

A

Layers of rock run at right angles to the coast

27
Q

Give three ways you can manage the coast

A

Doing nothing
Advance the line
Hold the line

28
Q

What does doing nothing mean for the coast

A

Letting the sea undertake it’s natural processes

29
Q

What does ‘holding the line’ mean for the coast

A

Build protection at the current cliff face to prevent further loss

30
Q

What does ‘advancing the line’ mean for the coast

A

Defences aimed at reclaiming small areas of land to assist with protection

31
Q

What are the benefits of dune regeneration

A

Cheap (£2000 per hundred metre stretch)

Improves coastal ecosystem

32
Q

What are the costs of dune regeneration

A

Can take years for dunes to be established

Need to provide walkways to prevent trampling 

33
Q

What are the benefits of beach profiling

A

No new material needs to be found or added

Protects areas behind beach

34
Q

What are the costs of beach profiling

A

Expensive (£200,000 per year) due to time and equipment

High crested beaches can seem artificial to visitors

35
Q

What are the benefits of managed realignment

A

Sustainable long-term solution especially with rising sea levels
Creates new intertidal habitats

36
Q

What are the costs of managed realignment

A

Relies on purchase of land and property to be flooded

Habitats for coastal land-based species are lost due to flooding

37
Q

What are the benefits of sea walls

A

Give tourists a nice place to walk along the coast

38
Q

What are the costs of sea walls

A

Expensive (£5000 per metre)
Seen as ugly by many
Requires maintenance

39
Q

What are the costs of beach nourishment

A

Needs to be replaced regularly

40
Q

What are the benefits of beach nourishment

A

Natural appearance
Little environmental impact
Larger beach- more space for visitors

41
Q

What are the costs of rock armour

A

Not attractive

42
Q

What are the benefits of rock armour

A 
Quick build 
Relatively cheap (£1000-£3000 per metre)
43
Q

What are the costs of gabions

A

Have to be replaced regularly
Only work on sand beaches as shingle would break them down
Short life span as steel cages rust

44
Q

What are the benefits of Gabions

A

Cheap (£10 a metre)

If made from stainless steel can last 25+ years

45
Q

What are the benefits of groynes

A 
Life span of 20-30 years 
Relatively cheap (£5000 each)
No maintenance
46
Q

What are the costs of groynes

A

Causes issues further down the coast - starving coastline of material
Causes a barrier on beach (users can’t cross)

Geography GCSE (10 decks)

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