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GEORGRAPHY GCSE > urban issues > Flashcards

urban issues Flashcards

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1
Q

urbanisation

A

Urbanisation is an increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities.

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2
Q

The 2 main causes of urbanisation

A

are rural-urban migration and natural increase.

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3
Q

what is a mega city

A

a city with more than 10 million people

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4
Q

what is natural increase

A

natural increase happens when the birth rate is greater than the death rate

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5
Q

example of mega city

A

shanghai china

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6
Q

what is rural urban migration

A

the movement of people from a countryside to a city

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7
Q

example case study of urban migration to a mega city

A

lagos
Lagos is a megacity (population is over 21 million) in Nigeria, which is an NEE and the richest country in Africa and is still the financial centre of West Africa. The city is growing rapidly, with 275,000 migrants arriving annually and natural increase also playing a role

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8
Q

advantages of lagos rather than rural nigeria

A

Lagos houses a lot of Nigeria’s banks, manufacturing industries and government departments.
Construction jobs are common because of the rapid growth of the city
Lagos is home to 2 major ports and a successful fishing industry
Lagos has an active film and music industry.
more healthcare centres and hospitals
accss to electricity and water

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9
Q

challenges urban growth has caused for Nigeria (economic)

A

there are too many migrants for the number of jobs

people turn to scavenging in rubbish dumps to try and make enough money to survive

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10
Q

challenges urban growth has caused for Nigeria (environmental)

A

60% of rubbish is not officially collected
waste disposal and emissions from factories are unregulated
traffic congestion is bad

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11
Q

challenges urban growth has caused for Nigeria (social)

A

more than 60% of the 21 million residents in Nigeria live in slums (eg makoko)
there is only 1 primary school in makoko
waste from communal toilets go directly to the lagoon beneath the wooden huts found in the slum the pollution in this lagoon can cause outbreaks of diseases eg cholera
there are high crime levels in makoko
the nearest water source is 3km away
electricity is very unreliable

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12
Q

what type of country is Nigeria

A

NEE

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13
Q

what is the population distribution like in the uk

A

very uneven

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14
Q

what have many of the major cities turned into

A

towns that have merged to form continuous urban areas these areas have the highest population density

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15
Q

what affects where people live in the uk

A

the relief

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16
Q

upland regions

A

such as Scotland are sparsely populated they are difficult to farm and have few natural resources

17
Q

lowland areas

A

most urban areas developed in lowland areas, these are easy to build on and have a milder climate than upland areas

18
Q

coastal areas

A

many coastal areas have attracted human settlement especially where there are sheltered bays and river estuaries suitable for building harbours

19
Q

LONDON

A

is the uks biggest city it has over 8.6 million people which is 10% of the countries population
it is the national capital and has many industries

20
Q

urban change

A

during the industrial revolution there was growth of manufacturing industries and rapid urbanisation
this was then followed by many industries relocated overseas
lots of people moved to the suburbs
regeneration projects have helped to make city centres more attractive again
these changes have created various opportunities and challenges

21
Q

oppurtunities urban change crreated

A

immigrant communities were attracted by low cost inner city housing. many uk cities are very multicultural offering a range of food and festivals eg Notting hill carnival in London
redevelopment presents opportunities for new investment.
the importance of green space in cities is being increasingly recognised by planners, parks, gardens and open spaces are being incorporated into regenerated ares of uk cities

22
Q

urban change disadvantages

A

industrial decline in cities caused a decrease in wealth, people moved away leaving derelict buildings that became a target for crime and areas in many inner cities became deprived
deprived areas are linked to poor access to health care education and job opportunities compared to other areas

23
Q

case study of an regenderated area

A

new Islington Manchester
the card room estate was built in Manchester in the 1960s just east of the city centre it replaced the old terraces that the factory workers lived in
by the mid 1990s the estate had become run down and had a bad reputation 50% of the houses were empty or being used as squats
the area had many economic and social problmes including graffiti and vandalism

the government took action and worked with private companies to improve the area it was renamed new Islington
1700 new homes were built in construction with local residents and a new tram stop improved public transport links
new community facilities include a health centre, village hall and restaurants and cafes

24
Q

what are the major cities in the uk

A 
Glasgow
Edinburgh 
Newcastle 
Belfast
leeds
Manchester
Liverpool 
Cardiff 
Birmingham 
london
25
Q

urban change case study

A

Liverpool is a port city in north west England. it was an important port for cotton, sugar and slave ships coming from Africa and the west indies
Liverpool has changed from a busy port to a modern tourist destination and centre for creative industries
this change led to many opportunities

26
Q

oppurtunities urban change brought to liverpool

A

cultural mix- ethnic diversity from repeated migrations has brought a range of foods festivals and cultural experieces to the city eg Chinatown is a popular tourist destination
recreation- the albert dock has been restored and developed to include many shops, restaurants and museums. 1 billion pounds was spent regenerating the city centre to create la large shopping centre
employment-the tourism and service sectors now offer many jobs
urban greening is forming part of the citys regeneration, planners are trying to preserve open spaces such as public parks and gardens
more cycle and pedestrian routes are being created and wasteland is being converted into usable parks and gardens the city centre includes a five acre park

27
Q

challeges urban change brought to liverpool

A

regeneration of parts of the city has lead to increased inequality- people in wealthier areas have better access to housing, education, employment and healthcare
some inner city areas have been redeveloped- existing housing has been cleared, and replaced with modern housing the new housing is often too expensive for former residents who are forced out
unhealthy lifestyles more common in deprived areas
as people left inner city areas buildings were left empty, derelict buildings were targets for graffiti and vandalism many areas became run down

28
Q

what is urban sprawl

A

is the unplanned growth of urban areas into the surrounding countryside

29
Q

what is the rural urban fringe

A

is an area of transition where theres a mix of urban and rural urban use

30
Q

as Liverpool has grown

A

it has sprawled outwards merging with surrounding urban areas to create the Merseyside conurbation, this has affected the rura; urban fringe

31
Q

sustainable living

A

recycling
creating green space
energy conservation
water conservation

32
Q

how does waste recycling and energy conservation schemes make cities more sustainable

A

less waste enters landfill cites
energy conservation schemes reduce the use of fossil fuels through….
promoting the use of renewable energy sources
government incentives that increase the energy efficiency of homes

33
Q

how does greenspace and water conservation make cities more sustainable

A

greenspaces make cities nicer places to live and work- being naturally cooler
encouraging exercise, which makes people healthier, reduces flooding risk by reducing surface run off
reducing air pollution

water conservation schemes reduce the amount of water used by
installing more efficient toilets
installing water meters

collecting rainwater to use to water plants and flushing toilets

34
Q

urban transport strategies

A

oyster cards
boris bikes/bikes to hire
3 million people use the underground daily

35
Q

managing traffic flow in urban areas eg london

A

car sharing - connect people with similar commutes so that fewer cars are needed

bus priority lanes- to make buses more appealing because traffic has less of an impact

ring roads and pedestrianised shopping streets- keep traffic away from the city centre making it safer and less polluted and preventing congestion on narrow city centre roads

congestion charge- discourages drivers from entering the city centre at peak times

36
Q

case study urban planning project

A

the favela bairo project in rio de janerios favelas
rio de janeiro is in the south east of brazil, it has more than 600 squatter settlements housing one fifth of the citys population
the favela bairro project ran from 1995-2008 and involved 253000 people in 73 favelas
it has led to]
social improvments- there are now day care centres for children adult education classes and services to help people with drug addictions
economic- the project is helping people get legal ownership of their properties and running training schemes to help people find better jobs
environment– wooden buildings are being replacedvwith brick buildings. streets have been widened and paved, and there are now rubbish collection services

GEORGRAPHY GCSE (6 decks)

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