urban issues

Question 1

urbanisation

Answer 1

Urbanisation is an increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities.

Question 2

The 2 main causes of urbanisation

Answer 2

are rural-urban migration and natural increase.

Question 3

what is a mega city

Answer 3

a city with more than 10 million people

Question 4

what is natural increase

Answer 4

natural increase happens when the birth rate is greater than the death rate

Question 5

example of mega city

Answer 5

shanghai china

Question 6

what is rural urban migration

Answer 6

the movement of people from a countryside to a city

Question 7

example case study of urban migration to a mega city

Answer 7

lagos
Lagos is a megacity (population is over 21 million) in Nigeria, which is an NEE and the richest country in Africa and is still the financial centre of West Africa. The city is growing rapidly, with 275,000 migrants arriving annually and natural increase also playing a role

Question 8

advantages of lagos rather than rural nigeria

Answer 8

Lagos houses a lot of Nigeria’s banks, manufacturing industries and government departments.
Construction jobs are common because of the rapid growth of the city
Lagos is home to 2 major ports and a successful fishing industry
Lagos has an active film and music industry.
more healthcare centres and hospitals
accss to electricity and water

Question 9

challenges urban growth has caused for Nigeria (economic)

Answer 9

there are too many migrants for the number of jobs

people turn to scavenging in rubbish dumps to try and make enough money to survive

Question 10

challenges urban growth has caused for Nigeria (environmental)

Answer 10

60% of rubbish is not officially collected
waste disposal and emissions from factories are unregulated
traffic congestion is bad

Question 11

challenges urban growth has caused for Nigeria (social)

Answer 11

more than 60% of the 21 million residents in Nigeria live in slums (eg makoko)
there is only 1 primary school in makoko
waste from communal toilets go directly to the lagoon beneath the wooden huts found in the slum the pollution in this lagoon can cause outbreaks of diseases eg cholera
there are high crime levels in makoko
the nearest water source is 3km away
electricity is very unreliable

Question 12

what type of country is Nigeria

Answer 12

NEE

Question 13

what is the population distribution like in the uk

Answer 13

very uneven

Question 14

what have many of the major cities turned into

Answer 14

towns that have merged to form continuous urban areas these areas have the highest population density

Question 15

what affects where people live in the uk

Answer 15

the relief

Question 16

upland regions

Answer 16

such as Scotland are sparsely populated they are difficult to farm and have few natural resources

Question 17

lowland areas

Answer 17

most urban areas developed in lowland areas, these are easy to build on and have a milder climate than upland areas

Question 18

coastal areas

Answer 18

many coastal areas have attracted human settlement especially where there are sheltered bays and river estuaries suitable for building harbours

Question 19

LONDON

Answer 19

is the uks biggest city it has over 8.6 million people which is 10% of the countries population
it is the national capital and has many industries

Question 20

urban change

Answer 20

during the industrial revolution there was growth of manufacturing industries and rapid urbanisation
this was then followed by many industries relocated overseas
lots of people moved to the suburbs
regeneration projects have helped to make city centres more attractive again
these changes have created various opportunities and challenges

Question 21

oppurtunities urban change crreated

Answer 21

immigrant communities were attracted by low cost inner city housing. many uk cities are very multicultural offering a range of food and festivals eg Notting hill carnival in London
redevelopment presents opportunities for new investment.
the importance of green space in cities is being increasingly recognised by planners, parks, gardens and open spaces are being incorporated into regenerated ares of uk cities

Question 22

urban change disadvantages

Answer 22

industrial decline in cities caused a decrease in wealth, people moved away leaving derelict buildings that became a target for crime and areas in many inner cities became deprived
deprived areas are linked to poor access to health care education and job opportunities compared to other areas

Question 23

case study of an regenderated area

Answer 23

new Islington Manchester
the card room estate was built in Manchester in the 1960s just east of the city centre it replaced the old terraces that the factory workers lived in
by the mid 1990s the estate had become run down and had a bad reputation 50% of the houses were empty or being used as squats
the area had many economic and social problmes including graffiti and vandalism

the government took action and worked with private companies to improve the area it was renamed new Islington
1700 new homes were built in construction with local residents and a new tram stop improved public transport links
new community facilities include a health centre, village hall and restaurants and cafes

Question 24

what are the major cities in the uk

Answer 24

Glasgow
Edinburgh 
Newcastle 
Belfast
leeds
Manchester
Liverpool 
Cardiff 
Birmingham 
london

Question 25

urban change case study

Answer 25

Liverpool is a port city in north west England. it was an important port for cotton, sugar and slave ships coming from Africa and the west indies Liverpool has changed from a busy port to a modern tourist destination and centre for creative industries this change led to many opportunities

Question 26

oppurtunities urban change brought to liverpool

Answer 26

cultural mix- ethnic diversity from repeated migrations has brought a range of foods festivals and cultural experieces to the city eg Chinatown is a popular tourist destination recreation- the albert dock has been restored and developed to include many shops, restaurants and museums. 1 billion pounds was spent regenerating the city centre to create la large shopping centre employment-the tourism and service sectors now offer many jobs urban greening is forming part of the citys regeneration, planners are trying to preserve open spaces such as public parks and gardens more cycle and pedestrian routes are being created and wasteland is being converted into usable parks and gardens the city centre includes a five acre park

Question 27

challeges urban change brought to liverpool

Answer 27

regeneration of parts of the city has lead to increased inequality- people in wealthier areas have better access to housing, education, employment and healthcare some inner city areas have been redeveloped- existing housing has been cleared, and replaced with modern housing the new housing is often too expensive for former residents who are forced out unhealthy lifestyles more common in deprived areas as people left inner city areas buildings were left empty, derelict buildings were targets for graffiti and vandalism many areas became run down

Question 28

what is urban sprawl

Answer 28

is the unplanned growth of urban areas into the surrounding countryside

Question 29

what is the rural urban fringe

Answer 29

is an area of transition where theres a mix of urban and rural urban use

Question 30

as Liverpool has grown

Answer 30

it has sprawled outwards merging with surrounding urban areas to create the Merseyside conurbation, this has affected the rura; urban fringe

Question 31

sustainable living

Answer 31

recycling creating green space energy conservation water conservation

Question 32

how does waste recycling and energy conservation schemes make cities more sustainable

Answer 32

less waste enters landfill cites energy conservation schemes reduce the use of fossil fuels through.... promoting the use of renewable energy sources government incentives that increase the energy efficiency of homes

Question 33

how does greenspace and water conservation make cities more sustainable

Answer 33

greenspaces make cities nicer places to live and work- being naturally cooler encouraging exercise, which makes people healthier, reduces flooding risk by reducing surface run off reducing air pollution water conservation schemes reduce the amount of water used by installing more efficient toilets installing water meters collecting rainwater to use to water plants and flushing toilets

Question 34

urban transport strategies

Answer 34

oyster cards boris bikes/bikes to hire 3 million people use the underground daily

Question 35

managing traffic flow in urban areas eg london

Answer 35

car sharing - connect people with similar commutes so that fewer cars are needed bus priority lanes- to make buses more appealing because traffic has less of an impact ring roads and pedestrianised shopping streets- keep traffic away from the city centre making it safer and less polluted and preventing congestion on narrow city centre roads congestion charge- discourages drivers from entering the city centre at peak times

Question 36

case study urban planning project

Answer 36

the favela bairo project in rio de janerios favelas rio de janeiro is in the south east of brazil, it has more than 600 squatter settlements housing one fifth of the citys population the favela bairro project ran from 1995-2008 and involved 253000 people in 73 favelas it has led to] social improvments- there are now day care centres for children adult education classes and services to help people with drug addictions economic- the project is helping people get legal ownership of their properties and running training schemes to help people find better jobs environment-- wooden buildings are being replacedvwith brick buildings. streets have been widened and paved, and there are now rubbish collection services