PAPER 3

Question 1

Random

Answer 1

This is when samples are taken by chance – a random number generator can be used to identify sample areas; this method should avoid bias but can cause an unrepresentative sample.

Question 2

SYSTEMATIC

Answer 2

• This is when observations are taken at regular intervals

Question 3

Olympic park hypothesis

Answer 3

Olympic Park: To investigate the extent to which regeneration of the area has improved the social and environmental quality of the area

Question 4

hypothesises for Stratford

Answer 4

the regenerated areas have a lower crime index than the non regenerated areas
regenerated areas have a higher environmental quality than the non regenerated areas

Question 5

how is the Olympic park relevant for our human fieldwork enquiry its topicality and practicality

Answer 5

it links to urban challenges section, the Olympic park is an example of urban regeneration
– this example of regeneration has been in the news a lot (2012 Olympics) The aim was to completely transform an area of East London and leave a lasting legacy of impact not just for sport but for the urban area in the East of London.
more practical as stratford is close to our skl

Question 6

data collection methods for stratford (EQS)

Answer 6

an Environmental Quality Survey was completed at the four sites. Each location was scored from 1 (negative) to 5 (positive) for 10 variables.
Sampling method – stratified (2 regenerated and 2 non-regenerated)
Sample size – data collected a four sites

(The two recently regenerated sites where we would expect the most positive scores are 1. Victory Park East Village and 3. Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. 4. Liberty Bridge Road should be the most deprived site.)

Question 7

what were the four sites for the eqs

Answer 7

victory park east village
stratford
queen Elizabeth Olympic park
liberty bridge road

Question 8

data collection method crime index

Answer 8

Crime index – a crime index was completed at the four sites. Each location was scored from 1 (negative) to 5 (positive) for 8 variables.
Sampling method – stratified (2 regenerated and 2 non-regenerated)
Sample size – data collected a four sites

Question 9

risks experienced on the fieldwork trip

Answer 9

strangers
crossing roads
public transport
safety

Question 10

ways to present data

Answer 10

radar graphs

bar charts

Question 11

adv and disad of radar graphs

Answer 11

easy to see patterns eg larger area = better environmental quality
can compare multiple sets of data overtime

difficult to plot limited use- only works for certain types of data

Question 12

adv and disad of bar charts

Answer 12

show relationships between 2 or more variables
show proportions
combinations of qualitative and quantitative variables
Simple to construct and read
More than one set of data can be plotted on the graph to enable comparison

Plotting too much data makes it appear cluttered- less easy to interpret

Question 13

what other methods could you use to plot data

Answer 13

pie chart

line graph

Question 14

describe each set of data and explain what it tells you (RADAR)

Answer 14

radar graph is a graphical method of describing numerical data. Radar graphs give a clear explanation of the environmental quality of an area, these are able to be compared to each other because of the layout however radar graphs are difficult to plot and only works for certain types of data

Question 15

describe each set of data and explain what it tells you (BAR CHART)

Answer 15

A bar chart is a diagram in which the numerical values of variables are represented by the height or length of lines. Bar charts are able to show the relationships between two or more variables bar charts are simple to construct and read, however plotting too much data makes it appear cluttered

Question 16

conclusion

Answer 16

the enquiry question is why is this location( Stratford) suitable for our human fieldwork enquiry. In conclusion, the recent regeneration of the Olympic Park area in Stratford has significantly improved the social and environmental quality of the area… The two regenerated sites clearly have a higher quality environment… (EQS). Also, these two regenerated sites have much less evidence of crime than… (crime index).

Question 17

evaluation of fieldwoek

Answer 17

we were timed in each area so we could’ve been rushed into making a decision
differently I would test out more areas to improve The investigation was subjective (your opinion rather than a factual piece of evidence) which means that the results may be different to someone else’s OPERATOR ERROR – could collate data from other people to improve?
Small sample size – more data needs to be collected (different days and times of the year) to improve the reliability
Overall, the validity of the results and conclusion is limited

Question 18

location of tropical rainforests

Answer 18

Tropical rainforests are located around the equator. These areas are the Congo River Basin (western Africa), and throughout much of southeast Asia e.g. Malaysia and Indonesia. The biggest rainforest is in the Amazon River basin in the South America. (Smaller ones are located in Central America, Madagascar, Australia and nearby islands, India, and other locations in the tropics).

Question 19

nutrient cycle

Answer 19

Trees, plants and animal material (biomass) provides litter (e.g. fallen leaves), which is then rotted down (decomposed) into the soil. The trees then uptake nutrients from the soil. When it rains some nutrients are lost from the surface of the litter (through surface run off), and nutrients are also lost after decomposition through leaching (when rain washes nutrients out of soil). This is more of a problem in tropical rainforests than where we live.

Question 20

What is mainly found on the ground layer?

What heights do trees in the emergent layer reach? Over 30 metres

Answer 20

Decomposed material, scattered plants and fungi.

Question 21

What are the conditions like in the understory layer?

Answer 21

Calm condition and there is limited sunlight

Question 22

How does the canopy effect the understory and ground layers?

Answer 22

It protects the ground from heavy rainfall and reduces light

Question 23

What heights do trees in the emergent layer reach?

Answer 23

over 30 metres

Question 24

Describe the trends in deforestation in both the Brazilian Amazon and the non-Brazilian Amazon (4).

Answer 24

Overall deforestation rates have decreased in the Brazilian Amazon between 2001 and 2013. 3 million hectares of forest were lost in the Brazilian Amazon in 2004, whereas in 2013 approximately 1,250,000 million hectares were lost. In the non-Brazilian Amazon, the amount of forest lost is much lower than in the Brazilian Amazon. However, it appears that the rate of deforestation is increasing slightly in the non-Brazilian Amazon. Annual forest loss is greater than 500,000 hectares in 2008, 2010, 2011 and 2012.

Question 25

road development question

Answer 25

Despite the economic opportunities of the road development, both at the local and national scale, the environmental costs and impact on indigenous communities would be too great to support the road.
Road development has the potential to create many economic opportunities. Figure 3 suggests the road will create a trade corridor between Brazil and Peru as well as connect major cities. This would boost trade and allow for greater levels of FDI. With this, comes job creation and multiplier effects. However, this road will run directly through two existing indigenous reserves and one national park.
A second opportunity is through resource exploitation. The road would open up mining and agribusiness opportunities such as plantations and ranching. These can create jobs, however, as shown in the photos in fig 2, mining can have disastrous local impacts on the environment, badly polluting soil and water resources, with little regard to environmental regulations. The recent dam burst in the Brazilian Amazon is evidence of this.
Mining and agribusiness both bring vital export revenues to Peru that can help lift its rural poor out of poverty through improved health and education services. Fig 2 shows that in other rainforest nations like Brazil and Bolivia, commercial exports of soy is 75% exported. However, 79 and 90% of this is illegal. Illegal agriculture brings little benefit to the poor and no benefit to the government, and is therefore likely to be limited in its impact on helping Peruvian poor. Furthermore, Illegal agriculture completely ignores environmental rules. The photo shows an area of cleared forest, showing total habitat loss.
The worst impact of road development will be felt on the forest environment and indigenous people. The road not only cuts through two indigenous reserves but a study by ACA suggests a larger area as wide as 10km could be affected. This impact may be restricted by the reserves, even conservation groups recognise this, but the inevitable threat of the road has the potential to completely destroy indigenous way of life, who depend directly on the forest along with half a million other people for their livelihoods. The FNAP also voice their concern, suggesting that the road will bring illegal logging and mining and drug trafficking.
Conservationists and local people argue that there are more environmentally friendly alternatives. Some examples include agroforestry and ecotourism. These are vital not only for indigenous people but also to safeguard the forest as a carbon sink, limiting the enhanced greenhouse effect, as well as protecting water catchments and helping preserve vital medicinal ingredients.
One alternative could be eco-tourism. This type of tourism can create jobs away from illegal logging and has proved in places such as the Gambia to be crucial for development. Tourism can reduce the development gap by providing linkages between local people and tourists. Examples include the supply of local food, provision of services, the sale of crafts and community tourism projects.
To conclude there remains too much uncertainty over the economic opportunities from the road. Environmental damage and loss of territorial lands for indigenous will be unavoidable. There are clear alternatives that can lift people from poverty and at the same time preserve the forest for future generations.

Question 26

herne bay and its hypothesis

Answer 26

To investigate how successful coastal management has been at Herne Bay
Our Hypothesise : The beach dimensions are greater on one side of the groynes
Pebble size will be greater on one side of the groyne
Beach width will be greater on one side of the groyne
Beach profile will be greater on one side of the groyne.

Question 27

where is herne bay

Answer 27

Herne Bay is a seaside town in Kent(1), South East(1) England(1) within Europe.(1). It is located on the south(1) coast of the Thames Estuary(1).

Question 28

data collection

Answer 28

Beach profile 
Beach width
Groyne height
Waves per minute
Sediment size each side of the groyne
LSD speed and direction?

Question 29

beach profile

Answer 29

lay the tape measure from the shore line inland at 90 to the sea
each measurement can be taken at an equal distance
person a stands at a safe distance from the edge of the sea
person b stands further up the beach where there is a break of the slope
the distance between the two people is measured using tape measure
the angle between the eyes of the two people is measured using a clinometer
repeat this process at each break of slope until the top is reached

Question 30

beach width

Answer 30

for each site measure the distance form the sea to the back shore record in metres

Question 31

groyne height

Answer 31

measure from the top of the groyne to the beach sediment on either side of the groyne

Question 32

sediment size

Answer 32

measure the height of the sediment on each side of the groyne
then now measure the pebble size
from each groyne get 10pebbles randomly and measure using a ruler

Question 33

beach width detsiled

Answer 33

Beach width – the width of the beach was measured at several sites along Herne Bay. The distance from the sea to the backshore was measured using a tape measure and this was recorded in metres. This was done on the east and west side of the groynes.
Systematic sampling – 12 groynes along the beach – beach width measured at each of these groynes on east and west side

Question 34

groyne height detailed

Answer 34

Groyne height – the groyne height was measured at several sites along Herne Bay. The distance from the top of the groyne to the sediment was measured on the east and west sides of the groynes and was recorded using a metre ruler.
Systematic sampling – 12 groynes along the beach – beach width measured at each of these groynes on east and west side. Groyne height measured at half way point of groyne.

Question 35

conclusion

Answer 35

Beach width is mostly greater on the east side of each groyne e.g. (data to support)
This shows that… (link to LSD and hard engineering)
The beach profile is mostly greater on one side of the groynes… Groyne height (distance between top of groyne and start of sediment) is mostly greater on the west side of the groyne e.g. (data to support)…which means that there is less sediment there compared to…
This also suggests that… (link to LSD and hard engineering)
The results presented in the wind rose also suggest that LSD is moving in this direction because…
Therefore, my hypothesis can be proven/disproven because… and I can conclude that the beach dimensions are greater on the east side of the groyne… This shows that the coastal management in place has been successful…

Question 36

Describe two of the primary data collection techniques that you used (2)

Answer 36

eg beach width / groyne height

Question 37

Justify one of your primary data collection techniques

Answer 37

the groyne height was measured at several sites along Herne Bay. The distance from the top of the groyne to the sediment was measured on the east and west sides of the groynes and was recorded using a metre ruler.
link to investigation tie

Question 38

Identify one risk that you needed to manage in your fieldwork location

Answer 38

drowning

Question 39

Outline 2 strengths of one of the data presentation techniques that you used (

Answer 39

grouped bar chart

very visual easy to plot by hand

Question 40

Describe the patterns shown in one set of data

Answer 40

include general trend data as evidence anomaly

Question 41

Outline 2 limitations of the primary data that you collected

Answer 41

include key terms validy reliability accuracy