PAPER 3 Flashcards

Question

road development question

Answer 1

Despite the economic opportunities of the road development, both at the local and national scale, the environmental costs and impact on indigenous communities would be too great to support the road. Road development has the potential to create many economic opportunities. Figure 3 suggests the road will create a trade corridor between Brazil and Peru as well as connect major cities. This would boost trade and allow for greater levels of FDI. With this, comes job creation and multiplier effects. However, this road will run directly through two existing indigenous reserves and one national park. A second opportunity is through resource exploitation. The road would open up mining and agribusiness opportunities such as plantations and ranching. These can create jobs, however, as shown in the photos in fig 2, mining can have disastrous local impacts on the environment, badly polluting soil and water resources, with little regard to environmental regulations. The recent dam burst in the Brazilian Amazon is evidence of this. Mining and agribusiness both bring vital export revenues to Peru that can help lift its rural poor out of poverty through improved health and education services. Fig 2 shows that in other rainforest nations like Brazil and Bolivia, commercial exports of soy is 75% exported. However, 79 and 90% of this is illegal. Illegal agriculture brings little benefit to the poor and no benefit to the government, and is therefore likely to be limited in its impact on helping Peruvian poor. Furthermore, Illegal agriculture completely ignores environmental rules. The photo shows an area of cleared forest, showing total habitat loss. The worst impact of road development will be felt on the forest environment and indigenous people. The road not only cuts through two indigenous reserves but a study by ACA suggests a larger area as wide as 10km could be affected. This impact may be restricted by the reserves, even conservation groups recognise this, but the inevitable threat of the road has the potential to completely destroy indigenous way of life, who depend directly on the forest along with half a million other people for their livelihoods. The FNAP also voice their concern, suggesting that the road will bring illegal logging and mining and drug trafficking. Conservationists and local people argue that there are more environmentally friendly alternatives. Some examples include agroforestry and ecotourism. These are vital not only for indigenous people but also to safeguard the forest as a carbon sink, limiting the enhanced greenhouse effect, as well as protecting water catchments and helping preserve vital medicinal ingredients. One alternative could be eco-tourism. This type of tourism can create jobs away from illegal logging and has proved in places such as the Gambia to be crucial for development. Tourism can reduce the development gap by providing linkages between local people and tourists. Examples include the supply of local food, provision of services, the sale of crafts and community tourism projects. To conclude there remains too much uncertainty over the economic opportunities from the road. Environmental damage and loss of territorial lands for indigenous will be unavoidable. There are clear alternatives that can lift people from poverty and at the same time preserve the forest for future generations.

Answer 2

To investigate how successful coastal management has been at Herne Bay Our Hypothesise : The beach dimensions are greater on one side of the groynes Pebble size will be greater on one side of the groyne Beach width will be greater on one side of the groyne Beach profile will be greater on one side of the groyne.

Answer 3

Herne Bay is a seaside town in Kent(1), South East(1) England(1) within Europe.(1). It is located on the south(1) coast of the Thames Estuary(1).

Answer 4

``` Beach profile Beach width Groyne height Waves per minute Sediment size each side of the groyne LSD speed and direction? ```

Answer 5

lay the tape measure from the shore line inland at 90 to the sea each measurement can be taken at an equal distance person a stands at a safe distance from the edge of the sea person b stands further up the beach where there is a break of the slope the distance between the two people is measured using tape measure the angle between the eyes of the two people is measured using a clinometer repeat this process at each break of slope until the top is reached

Answer 6

for each site measure the distance form the sea to the back shore record in metres

Answer 7

measure from the top of the groyne to the beach sediment on either side of the groyne

Answer 8

measure the height of the sediment on each side of the groyne then now measure the pebble size from each groyne get 10pebbles randomly and measure using a ruler

Answer 9

Beach width – the width of the beach was measured at several sites along Herne Bay. The distance from the sea to the backshore was measured using a tape measure and this was recorded in metres. This was done on the east and west side of the groynes. Systematic sampling – 12 groynes along the beach – beach width measured at each of these groynes on east and west side

Answer 10

Groyne height – the groyne height was measured at several sites along Herne Bay. The distance from the top of the groyne to the sediment was measured on the east and west sides of the groynes and was recorded using a metre ruler. Systematic sampling – 12 groynes along the beach – beach width measured at each of these groynes on east and west side. Groyne height measured at half way point of groyne.

Answer 11

Beach width is mostly greater on the east side of each groyne e.g. (data to support) This shows that… (link to LSD and hard engineering) The beach profile is mostly greater on one side of the groynes… Groyne height (distance between top of groyne and start of sediment) is mostly greater on the west side of the groyne e.g. (data to support)…which means that there is less sediment there compared to… This also suggests that… (link to LSD and hard engineering) The results presented in the wind rose also suggest that LSD is moving in this direction because… Therefore, my hypothesis can be proven/disproven because… and I can conclude that the beach dimensions are greater on the east side of the groyne… This shows that the coastal management in place has been successful…

Answer 12

eg beach width / groyne height

Answer 13

the groyne height was measured at several sites along Herne Bay. The distance from the top of the groyne to the sediment was measured on the east and west sides of the groynes and was recorded using a metre ruler. link to investigation tie

Answer 14

grouped bar chart | very visual easy to plot by hand

Answer 15

include general trend data as evidence anomaly

Answer 16

include key terms validy reliability accuracy