changing the economic world

Question 1

measures of development

Answer 1

GNI
GDP
BIRTH RATE
DEATH RATE
INFANT MORTALITY RATE
PEOPLE PER  DOCTOR
LITERACY RATE
ACCESS TO SAFE WATER
LIFE EXPECTANCY 
HDI

Question 2

What is gni

Answer 2

gross national income

the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, including income from overseas

Question 3

what is gdp

Answer 3

the total value of goods and services a country produces in a year

Question 4

what is birth rate

Answer 4

the number of live babies born per thousand of the population per year

Question 5

what is death rate

Answer 5

the number of deaths per thousand of the population per year

Question 6

what is infant mortality

Answer 6

the number of babies who die under 1 year old per thousand babies born

Question 7

what is HDI

Answer 7

this measure is calculated using life expectancy, education level and income per head

Question 8

what is the difference in development between two countries called

Answer 8

global development gap

Question 9

why is it not good to use one measure of development to judge a country

Answer 9

it can be misleading, if they’re used on their own as a country develops, some aspects develop before others, so it might seem that a country’s more developed than it actually is
using more than one measure of development or using the HDI index avoids these problems.

Question 10

the demographic transition model and development

Answer 10

stage 1- least developed stage, birth rates are high because of the lack of contraception, income is low and death rate is high because health care is bad

stage 2- is not very developed, lots of lics and is stage 2, birth rates are high because the economy is centred on agriculture and so adults need lots of children to help with farm work, death rates decrease, as there is better diet and health care

stage 3- a lot of nees are in stage 3, birth rates decline as they receive better education and gender equality improves, manufacturing dominates the economy so not that many children needed to work on the farm, death rates continue to fall as healthcare gets better

stage 4 and 5 - most developed stages, HICs are in the stage, income is high, death rates are low as healthcare is good, birth rates low

Question 11

factors causing uneven development environmental

Answer 11

poor climate
frequent natural hazards
poor farming land
few raw materials

Question 12

how does poor climate cause uneven development

Answer 12

means low food production this can lead to malnutrition and a poor quality of life]
having fewer crops available to sell reduces the money available to spend on services and goods
because less is sold and brought the government receives lower taxes so there is less money to spend on development

Question 13

how does frequent natural hazards cause uneven development

Answer 13

a lot of money is used to repair the damages caused by the natural hazard
natural disasters harm the quality of life of those affected and reduce the money available to the government to spend on developing

Question 14

how does poor farming land cause uneven development

Answer 14

means food production will be low, this can lead to malnutrition and a poor quality of life

Question 15

how does few raw materials cause uneven development

Answer 15

raw materials are sold in exchange for money

Question 16

economic factors causing uneven development

Answer 16

poor countries often have to get loans from wealthier countries and this money has to get paid back with interest a country cant spend money on development until it has paid back its debt

poor trade links-this limits the countries revenue and therefore the amount of money available to invest in development

Question 17

reducing the development gap

Answer 17

debt relief- is when all or some of the counties debt is cancelled or interest rates are reduced, this means countries have more money to spend on development, instead of always worrying about paying off debt

immediate technology- refers to tools, machines and systems that improve the quality of life, whilst being easy to use, affordable to get and cheap to maintain

aid- can come in the form of money or resources and is given from one country to another

fair trade-farmers in LIC’s get a fair price for their goods, this means farmers have enough money to feed their families

Question 18

case study for how tourism reduces the development gap

Answer 18

Tourism can increase gross national income because more money will come into the country.

Kenya is an East African lower income country, which is appealing to tourists because of its tribes, warm weather and outstanding natural beauty. In an attempt to accelerate the country’s development, the Kenyan government has made changes that aim to increase tourism.
in 2009 visas were cut in half for adults and completely dropped for children under 16, landing fees at coastal airports have been scrapped for chartered aircrafts - this increased the number of tourists from 0.9 million to 1.8 million annual visitors from 1995 to 2011

Question 19

advantages of tourism (case study)

Answer 19

tourism is responsible for 12% of kenyas total gdp
the tourism industry employs 10% of the workforce
Kenya has 24 national parks, which use the revenue from tourist entry fees to maintain the landscape
kenyas HDI score from 0.45 to 0.55 now

Question 20

disadvantages of tourism (case study)

Answer 20

most of the income from tourism doesn’t find its way to the local people
in some instances tribes have been forced to move from their land so that mire national park could be created for tourists to enjoy
vegetation is destroyed and animals are disturbed by safari vehicles

Question 21

example of immediate technology

Answer 21

solar powered LED lightbulbs

Question 22

economic development (case study)

Answer 22

India is a rapidly developing newly emerging economy (NEE) in Southern Asia. It’s growing population is currently at 1.3 billion.
Since 1947 the country has been run by its own democratically elected government.
India’s development is moderate (HDI = 0.61).
Inequality is a big issue, with some people being very wealthy but more than 20% living in poverty.
Education is improving, but the literacy rate is still under 70%.
India’s main exports are services and manufactured goods.

Question 23

indias changing industrial structure

Answer 23

primary industry employs 50% of the working population, but is becoming a smaller part of indias economy. it makes up only 17% of its gdp
secondary industry has grown to employ 22% of the workforce, they provide people with reliable jobs and selling manufactured goods overseas brings more income into india than selling raw materials
tertiary and quaternary industries have become a much larger part of the economy, employing 29% of the workforce. tertiary and quaternary industries contribute the most to indias GDPP - 53%

Question 24

what are TNCs

Answer 24

TNCS are companies that are located in or produce and sell products in more than one country
they’re usually located in poorer countries because labour is cheaper, and there are fewer environmental and labour regulations which means they make more profit

Question 25

adv of tnc

Answer 25

they create jobs in all countries theyre located in
employees in poorer countries get a more reliable income
they spend money to improve the local infrastructure

Question 26

dis of tnc

Answer 26

employees in poorer countries may be paid lower wages than employees in richer countries
employees in poorer countries may have to work long hours in poor conditions
most TNCs come from richer countries so the profits go back there

Question 27

TNCs in case study development

Answer 27

tncs can help economic development by increasing the amount of manufacturing industry and they can bring great benefits to the countries they operate in

TNC- UNILEVER

adv- provide employment- unilever employs 16000 people in india
Run programs to help development in india- unilever project shakti helps poor women in rural areas become entrepreneurs
unilever also works with charities to help run hygiene education programmes and provide sanitation to 115 million people in india this improves health

dis- some TNC profits leave India
can cause environmental problems- mercury contaminated glass ended up in a waste dump
tncs may move around india to take advantage of local government incentives

Question 28

type of aid india recieves

Answer 28

short term aid- helps india cope with emergencies- can come from foreign governments or non governmental organisations– uk sent 10 million, a resuce team and 1200 tents to india after an earthquake in 2001

lta- intended to help the recipient countries funded to become more developed. india received over 200 million each year from the uk to tackle poverty,, corruption
topdown aid- when organisations or government receives aid and decides where it should be spent, can improve a countrys economy but may not improve quality of life

bottom up aid- money is given directly to local people - eg to build a well
can have a large impact-schemes are generally supported by local people and can improve health skills and income

Question 29

how is economic development affecting the environment

Answer 29

india energy consumption has increased with economic development. fossil fuels like coal and oil are the most readily availbale and affordable fuels but release lots of pollution and greenhouse gases- delhi most polluted city in the world
demand in resources can lead to destruction of habitats

Question 30

how is economic development affecting the quality of life

Answer 30

more jobs and wages have increased people have more money to improve their life

Question 31

causes for economic change in the uk

Answer 31

globalisation- globalisation now means that its easy for uk companies to move manufacturing overseas to make use of low labour costs, trade with other countries is an important part of the uk gdp

de industrialisation means that, there are fewer jobs, in the manufacturing and heavy industries that were once dominant source of employment in the uk

government policies-the decisions that the government makes have a big impact on how the economy grown

Question 32

why are teritary and quaternary industries becoming more important

Answer 32

tertiary and quaternary industries are growing as secondary manufacturing is declining, they are becoming more important as the economy becomes post industrial
the industries that are important are, services, information technology, finance, research

Question 33

why are the number of science and business parks increasing

Answer 33

there is a large growing demand for high tech products, science parks can help develop new technology for these products
the uk has a high number of strong research universities for businesses on science parks to form links with

Question 34

how is the government reducing the north south divide

Answer 34

devolving more powers- Scotland wales and northern island have their own devolved government this allows them to use money in schemes they feel will best benefit the local community eg- better public transport

creating enterprise zones- 55 enterprise zones have been created across England, Scotland and wales these offer benefits for locating in enterprise zones including 
reduced taxes 
simpler planning rules
financial benefits
improved infrastructure 

the northern powerhouse
is the governments plan to reduce the inequality between the north and south by improving transport links between northern cities

Question 35

uk transport network and economic growth

Answer 35

the uk need to improve transport networks to ensure continued economic growth
roads- capacity on motorways is being increased by upgrading to smart motorways, with extra lanes eg the m4
railways- Crossrail will increase central londons rail capacity by 10% when it opens,, the proposed hs2 line will link London Birmingham leeds and Manchester and it will increase capacity and allow faster journeys between major englsih cities
airports- the uk government has agreed that a new runway is needed in the south east as existing airports are full or filling up

ports- a new prt,, London gateway is operating at the mouth of the river thames, it is able to handle the wrlds largest container ships and hopes to become a hub for global trade

Question 36

the strong links the uk hasdeveloped

Answer 36

trade- it trades globally with us europw and aisa
culture
transport- the channel tunnel links the uk to france by rail, providing a route for goods and people to access mainland Europe, large airports like heathrow act as a hub and provide links to hundreds of countries around the world
EU- membership of the EU gives uk citizens and businesses access to large market without trade or political barriers. its an important part of the uks economy over 130 billion of the uks exports were to the EU in 2015