COASTS AND RIVERS

Question 1

What is hard engineering

Answer 1

aim to reduce the effects of flooding and erosion by building man-made structures that control the seas flow

Question 2

examples of hard engineering

Answer 2

groynes
sea walls
gabions
rock armour

Question 3

what are groynes

Answer 3

stop material being transported long distances by longshore drift

Question 4

adv of groynes

Answer 4

creates wider beaches which slows down waves and reduces eroision
theyre cheap

Question 5

dis of groynes

Answer 5

they starve beaches further down the coast of sand making them narrower
narrow beaches do not protect the coast well leading to more erosion and floods

Question 6

what are sea walls

Answer 6

sea walls are made out of hard materials that reflect waves

Question 7

adv of sea walls

Answer 7

prevent coastal erosion and flooding

Question 8

dis of sea walls

Answer 8

they create a strong backwash that can undercut the wall which will damage it
they are expensive to build and maintain

Question 9

what are gabions

Answer 9

gabions are wire cages that are filled with rocks

Question 10

adv of gabions

Answer 10

they reduce erosion by absorbing the energy of waves

cheap and easy to make

Question 11

dis of gabions

Answer 11

theyre eyesore and the cages can become eroded

Question 12

what is rocl armour

Answer 12

rock armour are boulders that are piled up along the coast

Question 13

adv of rock armour q

Answer 13

reduces erosion by absorbing the energy of waves

theyre quite cheap

Question 14

dis of rock armour

Answer 14

can be displaced by strong waves

Question 15

what is soft engineering

Answer 15

aims to reduce the effects of flooding and erosion by using our knowledge of the sea and its processes

Question 16

examples of soft engineering

Answer 16

beach nourishment
dune regeneration
managed retreat

Question 17

beach nourishment and reprofiling

Answer 17

involves moving sand and shingle from places on to a beach to the upper part of the beach

Question 18

adv of bn and reprofiling

Answer 18

slows down waves by widening beaches and so reduces the risk of erosion

Question 19

dis of bn and reprofiling

Answer 19

taking sand and shingle from the sea can kill organisms like corals
very expensive and has to be repeated

Question 20

what is dune regeneration

Answer 20

creating or restoring sand dunes, by nourishment or by planting vegetation to stabilise the sand

Question 21

adv of dune regenration

Answer 21

they absorb wave energy this reduces the risk of erosion and flooding

Question 22

dis of dune regenerationq

Answer 22

only a small area is protected

nourishment is expensive

Question 23

what is managed retreat

Answer 23

coastal defences are removed and the sea is allowed to flood the coastline

Question 24

adv of managed retreat

Answer 24

the flooded land will turn into marsh land which reduces the amount of flooding and erosion experienced by the land behind it

it is simple and cheap and doesn’t need maintenance
marshland provides animals and plants with new habitats

Question 25

where are beaches found and how are they made

Answer 25

beaches are found between the high and low water marks | they are made by constructive waves moving rock fragments inland

Question 26

two types of beaches

Answer 26

sand a | shingle

Question 27

features of a shingle beach

Answer 27

steep narrow short and steep slope

Question 28

features of a sand beach

Answer 28

flat wide long and gentle slope

Question 29

how are bars formed

Answer 29

bars are formed when a spit joins two headlands together

Question 30

how is a spit formed

Answer 30

sediment is carried by longshore drift when there is a change in coastline deposition occurs , a long thin ridge of material is deposited a hooked end can form if there is a change in wind direction

Question 31

how are sand dunes formed

Answer 31

are formed when sand is depositied by longshore drift is moved up the beach by the wind

Question 32

what are constructive waves

Answer 32

have weak swash strong backwash they are long and low, they deposit material on coasts because the backwash is less powerful than the swash low frequency

Question 33

what are destructive waves

Answer 33

``` strong backwash weak swash causes erosional processes high frequency steep and high they remove material form coasts because the swash is less powerful than the backwash ```

Question 34

what is mass movement

Answer 34

mass movement describes when rocks and loose material shift down slopes,this happens when gravity overcomes the force supporting the material causes massive costal retreat

Question 35

types of mass movement

Answer 35

slumps rockfalls slides

Question 36

slumps

Answer 36

slumps are when material moves down a slope with a rotation

Question 37

rockfalls

Answer 37

are when material breaks apart and then rolls down a slope

Question 38

what are slides

Answer 38

slides are when material moves down a slope in a straight line

Question 39

what is weathering

Answer 39

breaking down of rocks without movement

Question 40

two types of weathering

Answer 40

mechanical and chemical

Question 41

what is mechanical weathering and an example of it

Answer 41

mechanical weathering is the breakdown of rock without changing its chemical composition free thaw

Question 42

what is freeze thaw weathering

Answer 42

water enters cracks pressure is applied to the rock when water freezes and expands pressure is released when water thaws and contracts over time continued freezing and thawing leads to the breakdown of rocks

Question 43

what is chemical weathering and an exmaple

Answer 43

in chemical weathering the chemical composition of the rock is changed carbonic weathering

Question 44

what is carbonic weathering

Answer 44

carbon dioxide turnis into a weak carbonic acid when it dissolves in rain the acidic rainwater dissolves rocks that are made from calcium carbonate

Question 45

how are wave cut platforms formed

Answer 45

destructive waves are responsible for erosion at the cliffs this eroision causes a wave cut notch continued erosion of the wave cut notch causes rock above it to become less stable until it collapses waves wash away the collaped material and begin eroding away at the cliff again causing a new wave cut notch over time multiple collapsing events lead to the cliff retreating what is left behind is calle dthe wabve cut platform

Question 46

what is erosion

Answer 46

the wearing away of rock using movement

Question 47

types of erosion

Answer 47

attrition abrasion hydraulic power

Question 48

attrition

Answer 48

attrition is wher material carried by the water hut against one another causing them to break apart and become smaller and more rounded

Question 49

what is abrasion

Answer 49

is where pieces of rock are picked up by wavs and hit against the bed, beach or cliffs

Question 50

what is hydraulic power

Answer 50

is where the force of the waves hittin =h agiasnt rock other rock causes the rock to breakdown

Question 51

what is coastal deposition and when does it happen

Answer 51

when material is dropped by seawater on the shore happens when constructive waves transport material onto the coast and don't have enough enrgy to remove it all

Question 52

types of transportation

Answer 52

solution suspension saltation traction

Question 53

what increases depostion

Answer 53

high level of erosion at other parts of the coast | lots of material is being transported into the area

Question 54

solution

Answer 54

soluble materials dissolve in the water and are carried along (limestone and chalk)

Question 55

suspension

Answer 55

small particles like salt and clay are carried along the water

Question 56

saltation

Answer 56

pebble sized particles are bounced along the sea bed by the force of the water

Question 57

traction

Answer 57

large particles like boulders are pushed along the sea bed by the force of the water