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GEORGRAPHY GCSE > COASTS AND RIVERS > Flashcards

COASTS AND RIVERS Flashcards

1
Q

What is hard engineering

A

aim to reduce the effects of flooding and erosion by building man-made structures that control the seas flow

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2
Q

examples of hard engineering

A

groynes
sea walls
gabions
rock armour

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3
Q

what are groynes

A

stop material being transported long distances by longshore drift

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4
Q

adv of groynes

A

creates wider beaches which slows down waves and reduces eroision
theyre cheap

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5
Q

dis of groynes

A

they starve beaches further down the coast of sand making them narrower
narrow beaches do not protect the coast well leading to more erosion and floods

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6
Q

what are sea walls

A

sea walls are made out of hard materials that reflect waves

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7
Q

adv of sea walls

A

prevent coastal erosion and flooding

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8
Q

dis of sea walls

A

they create a strong backwash that can undercut the wall which will damage it
they are expensive to build and maintain

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9
Q

what are gabions

A

gabions are wire cages that are filled with rocks

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10
Q

adv of gabions

A

they reduce erosion by absorbing the energy of waves

cheap and easy to make

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11
Q

dis of gabions

A

theyre eyesore and the cages can become eroded

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12
Q

what is rocl armour

A

rock armour are boulders that are piled up along the coast

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13
Q

adv of rock armour q

A

reduces erosion by absorbing the energy of waves

theyre quite cheap

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14
Q

dis of rock armour

A

can be displaced by strong waves

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15
Q

what is soft engineering

A

aims to reduce the effects of flooding and erosion by using our knowledge of the sea and its processes

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16
Q

examples of soft engineering

A

beach nourishment
dune regeneration
managed retreat

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17
Q

beach nourishment and reprofiling

A

involves moving sand and shingle from places on to a beach to the upper part of the beach

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18
Q

adv of bn and reprofiling

A

slows down waves by widening beaches and so reduces the risk of erosion

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19
Q

dis of bn and reprofiling

A

taking sand and shingle from the sea can kill organisms like corals
very expensive and has to be repeated

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20
Q

what is dune regeneration

A

creating or restoring sand dunes, by nourishment or by planting vegetation to stabilise the sand

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21
Q

adv of dune regenration

A

they absorb wave energy this reduces the risk of erosion and flooding

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22
Q

dis of dune regenerationq

A

only a small area is protected

nourishment is expensive

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23
Q

what is managed retreat

A

coastal defences are removed and the sea is allowed to flood the coastline

24
Q

adv of managed retreat

A

the flooded land will turn into marsh land which reduces the amount of flooding and erosion experienced by the land behind it

it is simple and cheap and doesn’t need maintenance
marshland provides animals and plants with new habitats

25
Q

where are beaches found and how are they made

A

beaches are found between the high and low water marks

they are made by constructive waves moving rock fragments inland

26
Q

two types of beaches

A

sand a

shingle

27
Q

features of a shingle beach

A

steep
narrow
short and steep slope

28
Q

features of a sand beach

A

flat
wide
long and gentle slope

29
Q

how are bars formed

A

bars are formed when a spit joins two headlands together

30
Q

how is a spit formed

A

sediment is carried by longshore drift
when there is a change in coastline deposition occurs , a long thin ridge of material is deposited
a hooked end can form if there is a change in wind direction

31
Q

how are sand dunes formed

A

are formed when sand is depositied by longshore drift is moved up the beach by the wind

32
Q

what are constructive waves

A

have weak swash
strong backwash
they are long and low, they deposit material on coasts because the backwash is less powerful than the swash
low frequency

33
Q

what are destructive waves

A 
strong backwash 
weak swash
causes erosional processes 
high frequency
steep and high 
they remove material form coasts because the swash is less powerful than the backwash
34
Q

what is mass movement

A

mass movement describes when rocks and loose material shift down slopes,this happens when gravity overcomes the force supporting the material
causes massive costal retreat

35
Q

types of mass movement

A

slumps
rockfalls
slides

36
Q

slumps

A

slumps are when material moves down a slope with a rotation

37
Q

rockfalls

A

are when material breaks apart and then rolls down a slope

38
Q

what are slides

A

slides are when material moves down a slope in a straight line

39
Q

what is weathering

A

breaking down of rocks without movement

40
Q

two types of weathering

A

mechanical and chemical

41
Q

what is mechanical weathering and an example of it

A

mechanical weathering is the breakdown of rock without changing its chemical composition
free thaw

42
Q

what is freeze thaw weathering

A

water enters cracks
pressure is applied to the rock when water freezes and expands
pressure is released when water thaws and contracts
over time continued freezing and thawing leads to the breakdown of rocks

43
Q

what is chemical weathering and an exmaple

A

in chemical weathering the chemical composition of the rock is changed
carbonic weathering

44
Q

what is carbonic weathering

A

carbon dioxide turnis into a weak carbonic acid when it dissolves in rain
the acidic rainwater dissolves rocks that are made from calcium carbonate

45
Q

how are wave cut platforms formed

A

destructive waves are responsible for erosion at the cliffs this eroision causes a wave cut notch
continued erosion of the wave cut notch causes rock above it to become less stable until it collapses
waves wash away the collaped material and begin eroding away at the cliff again causing a new wave cut notch
over time multiple collapsing events lead to the cliff retreating what is left behind is calle dthe wabve cut platform

46
Q

what is erosion

A

the wearing away of rock using movement

47
Q

types of erosion

A

attrition
abrasion
hydraulic power

48
Q

attrition

A

attrition is wher material carried by the water hut against one another causing them to break apart and become smaller and more rounded

49
Q

what is abrasion

A

is where pieces of rock are picked up by wavs and hit against the bed, beach or cliffs

50
Q

what is hydraulic power

A

is where the force of the waves hittin =h agiasnt rock other rock causes the rock to breakdown

51
Q

what is coastal deposition and when does it happen

A

when material is dropped by seawater on the shore

happens when constructive waves transport material onto the coast and don’t have enough enrgy to remove it all

52
Q

types of transportation

A

solution
suspension
saltation
traction

53
Q

what increases depostion

A

high level of erosion at other parts of the coast

lots of material is being transported into the area

54
Q

solution

A

soluble materials dissolve in the water and are carried along (limestone and chalk)

55
Q

suspension

A

small particles like salt and clay are carried along the water

56
Q

saltation

A

pebble sized particles are bounced along the sea bed by the force of the water

57
Q

traction

A

large particles like boulders are pushed along the sea bed by the force of the water

GEORGRAPHY GCSE (6 decks)

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