C AND R #2

Question 1

HOW IS MATERIAL TRANSPORTED ALONG COASTS

Answer 1

longshore drift

Question 2

what is longshore drift

Answer 2

waves follow direction of prevailing wind
they hit the coast at an angle
the swash carries material up the beach in the same direction as the waves
the backwash then carries material down the beach at right angles towards the sea
overtime material zigzags along the coast

Question 3

what is a cave

Answer 3

when a crack widens because of repeated erosion and enlargement of a headland (caves form)

Question 4

what is an arch

Answer 4

when caves are eroded through the headland an arch is formed
eg durdle door in dorset

Question 5

what is a stack

Answer 5

when the top of an arch collapses because of gravity it becomes a stack

Question 6

what is a stump

Answer 6

the stack is undercut at the base until it collapse to form a stump

Question 7

how are headlands and bays formed

Answer 7

in the areas that have bands of bands of hard and soft rock facing the sea

Question 8

process of headlands and bays being formed

Answer 8

the sea hits both the soft and hard rock
the soft rock is eroded more easily than the hard rock
the soft rock erodes inland and creates a bay
the less eroded hard rock juts out into the sea creating a headland

Question 9

what happens in the upper course of a river

Answer 9

erosion dominates over deposition
this means that the valley is steep sided and v shaped
the channel is narrow and shallow

Question 10

what happens in the middle course of a river

Answer 10

neither erosion or deposition are domiant
the valley is gently sloping
the channel is wider and deeper than the upper course

Question 11

what happens in the lower course of the river

Answer 11

in the lower course of the river deposition dominates over erosion
means that the valley is wide and flat
the channel is wide and deep

Question 12

features in the upper course of a river

Answer 12

v-shaped valleys
interlocking spurs
rapids
waterfalls and gorges

Question 13

features in the middle course

Answer 13

wider shallower valleys
meanders
oxbow lakes

Question 14

feutures in the lower course

Answer 14

floodplains

deltas

Question 15

what is an esturary

Answer 15

an estuary is where the river meets the sea
found at the mouth of a river
the water at an estuary Is tidal (the river rises and falls each day)

Question 16

how are mudflats formed

Answer 16

the water from an estuary floods over the banks of the river carrying silt and sand onto the valley floor
as the tide reaches its highest point, the water is moving away slowly so sediment is deposited
when there is less water the river deposits silt to form mudflats

Question 17

what are flood plains

Answer 17

are flat areas of land that flood
they form due to both erosion and deposition
erosion removes any interlocking spurs creating a wide flat area on either side of the river

Question 18

what builds up flood plains

Answer 18

when a river floods onto the floodplan the water slows down this builds the floodplain
deposioton that happens on the slip off slopes of meanders also builds up the flood plain