Urban Forestry Flashcards
weak, narrow branch attachments with 2 equal diameter branches or stems often fail because of
bark inclusions
T/F placement of face cut and hinge will control the direction of the tree falling
true
large and low branches should be pruned early in life of tree because?
wait to long and large wounds will never seal over
series of smaller cuts will be easier for tree to manage
smaller branches means lot less work to cut safely and dispose of material
critical minimum root plate protection zone for trees in Alberta is?
12-15 times the DBH of the tree
tree defects and structural pruning technique
codom stems - choose central leader, prune competing stems to subordinate them
unbalanced canopy - use thinning or heading cuts to make crown proportionate
large low branches - prune early in life of tree
included bark - subordinate the less dominant branch
T/F according to Alberta OHS workers felling trees must use wedges to aid in intended direction of fall
true
young urban forest tree can be pruned how many times in the first 15 years in order to develop strong, sustainable structure?
as many as 5 times
discoveries of nesting holes in a tree being inspected for safety indicates what?
decay is present
when felling a tree, best angle of escape is?
45 degrees opposite of fall
when inspecting sites for electrical hazards to tree care operations, potential hazards are?
chain link fence under transmission or distribution line
guy wire on power pole
communication cables
power poles
between 1991 - 2016, tree workers are killed on average every how many days?
2 - 5 days
most common injury area to a chainsaw operator is?
left thigh
biggest reason arborists and forestry workers report fewer injuries compared to casual operators is due to?
professionals have more skill at operating chainsaws
4 main safety features of chainsaws are?
chain brake, throttle interlock, wrist guard, chain catch pin
first step in effective tree felling plan is?
inspect for hazards
bore cuts are initiated with which part of chainsaw?
bottom tip of bar
making use of strongest part of holding wood, hinge length shouldn’t be more than?
80% the diameter of tree
hinge thickness is no more than?
10 - 15% of the diameter
what are saw dogs?
spikes used to pivot the chainsaw into logs or tree being cut
3 types of chippers are?
rotary drum, disc knife and mechanical drum
5 step felling plan?
check for hazards
determine height and lean
escape route
notch and hinge
perform back cut
2 ways electricity harms tree workers?
direct and indirect contact
dynamic non-invasive tree support systems
cobra cabling
prior to planting a tree that’s been in a container too long to better ensure its survival, you would?
slice an inch off the rootball from top to bottom on 4 sides with sharp spade or pruning saw
root pruning results in better quality tree because?
root pruning causes denser root systems and more fibrous roots
benefits of mulching around trees?
reduced soil moisture loss and temperature fluctuations
reduced weed competition and soil compaction
reduced stem damage due to lawn maintenance and weed whipping
T/F best to avoid pruning live wood off a tree when leaves are forming of falling off
true
best way to install a trench for irrigation system beside row of spruce trees?
use air trenching tools, air spades or air knife
in regards to the global climate emergency and tree species selection and planting?
tree species that normally flourish will star disappearing
new species from warm regions could begin growing more northernly
hazard trees have?
structural defects that may cause the tree or parts oof the tree to fail where such failure can or could cause damage to property or personal injury
when making planting decisions for the long term, selecting tree species properly involves?
species that have to potential to live the longest and are planted correctly and nurtured when they are young
potentially destabilizing tree defects are?
girdling roots
site constraints that have negative effects on tree root development are?
planted on south side of buildings with no irrigation or maintenance plan
planted in highly compacted clay soils in front yards
large maturing trees planted on a 4 lane highway
trees planted in concrete vaults next to roads
why do some large mature trees fail and fall over?
opportunistic fungi can invade wounds that frequently occur that are caused by people in order to colonize roots and trunks, causing decay and weakness
things to look for in species selection?
what’s the mature size and shape when fully grown
species susceptibility to insects and disease
maintenance plan required to care for plant
does plant species have aesthetics needed to fit into design
T/F iTree software tools for tree resource managers was created by the USDA
true
what’s a dendroclimatologist study?
effects of changing climates on there growth rings of trees
symplast in a conifer can also be called?
sapwood
distances between apical/terminal buds and bud scars from previous years indicates?
rates of growth from previous years
any growth abnormalities
general health of tree
age of a young tree or age of branch on older trees
axial and radial parenchyma cells ‘balloon’ contents into vessels blocking flow of sap, not only seals against moisture loss but its the first line of defence and decay causing pathogens, this action is called?
tylosis
classification of trees that has the most bio diversity in terms of growth ring formation is?
angiosperms
CODIT stands for?
compartmentalization of decay on trees
the network of fungal connections is mycorrhizae, it resembles what?
the internet
wall 4 of CODIT
strongest
outer layer of crushed dead/dying phloem cells, helper cells and cortex is known as?
bark
oak trees are?
ring porous
vascular tissue that transports and circulates energy from source to sink thru the symplast is known as?
phloem
T/F betula papyrifera is a good compartmentalizer because its ring porous
false
mycorrhizae partnerships are good for tree survival?
they help trees absorb water
they help absorb scarce minerals, especially phosphorus
wall 3 in CODIT
resists spread of decay laterally
wall 2 in CODIT
resists spread of decay inwards
trees are like batteries, why?
because wood is the long term energy storage for the tree
meristematic cells divide, then form various organs in a tree, this is called?
cell mitosis and differentiation
upper most outer bud on a tree branch or root tip is called?
apical meristem
how does mycorrhizae help trees?
by colonizing soil ahead of roots, open spaces for roots to grow and metabolizing minerals and water transporting back to the plants
ring porous trees have large early wood vessels, 2 examples ring porous trees are?
oak and sea buckthorn
knowing the life cycle of a tree relative to its energy reserves and the changing seasons is know as?
phenology
T/F is it possible to inoculate soils with mycorrhizae using commercial products?
true
vascular cambium produce what?
xylem and phloem
T/F fertilizing and watering newly planted trees tends to prevent them from forming symbiotic bonds with beneficial mycorrhizae
true
wall 1 in CODIT
limits vertical decay
consequences of growing trees chemically rather biologically?
chemical fertilizers cause trees to be weaker and more susceptible to insects and disease
fertilizers cause trees to grow more quickly
herbicides and fungicides deplete the soil of friendly fungi and may cause plants to nt form mycorrhizal partnerships
match cambium, phloem, xylem, radial and axial parenchyma to terms
cambium - primary meristem produce radial growth
phloem - moves sugars thru plant
xylem - moves water and minerals
radial - runs perpendicular to growth rings
axial - runs parallel to growth rings
before staring a chainsaw you would?
check controls, tension, bolts and handles
chain is sharp and tanks are full
wear safety chaps for protection, footwear, gloves, helmet, hearing protection
