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LHAP 3rd > Urban Forestry > Flashcards

Urban Forestry Flashcards

1
Q

weak, narrow branch attachments with 2 equal diameter branches or stems often fail because of

A

bark inclusions

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2
Q

T/F placement of face cut and hinge will control the direction of the tree falling

A

true

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3
Q

large and low branches should be pruned early in life of tree because?

A

wait to long and large wounds will never seal over

series of smaller cuts will be easier for tree to manage

smaller branches means lot less work to cut safely and dispose of material

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4
Q

critical minimum root plate protection zone for trees in Alberta is?

A

12-15 times the DBH of the tree

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5
Q

tree defects and structural pruning technique

A

codom stems - choose central leader, prune competing stems to subordinate them

unbalanced canopy - use thinning or heading cuts to make crown proportionate

large low branches - prune early in life of tree

included bark - subordinate the less dominant branch

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6
Q

T/F according to Alberta OHS workers felling trees must use wedges to aid in intended direction of fall

A

true

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7
Q

young urban forest tree can be pruned how many times in the first 15 years in order to develop strong, sustainable structure?

A

as many as 5 times

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8
Q

discoveries of nesting holes in a tree being inspected for safety indicates what?

A

decay is present

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9
Q

when felling a tree, best angle of escape is?

A

45 degrees opposite of fall

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10
Q

when inspecting sites for electrical hazards to tree care operations, potential hazards are?

A

chain link fence under transmission or distribution line

guy wire on power pole

communication cables

power poles

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11
Q

between 1991 - 2016, tree workers are killed on average every how many days?

A

2 - 5 days

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12
Q

most common injury area to a chainsaw operator is?

A

left thigh

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13
Q

biggest reason arborists and forestry workers report fewer injuries compared to casual operators is due to?

A

professionals have more skill at operating chainsaws

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14
Q

4 main safety features of chainsaws are?

A

chain brake, throttle interlock, wrist guard, chain catch pin

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15
Q

first step in effective tree felling plan is?

A

inspect for hazards

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16
Q

bore cuts are initiated with which part of chainsaw?

A

bottom tip of bar

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17
Q

making use of strongest part of holding wood, hinge length shouldn’t be more than?

A

80% the diameter of tree

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18
Q

hinge thickness is no more than?

A

10 - 15% of the diameter

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19
Q

what are saw dogs?

A

spikes used to pivot the chainsaw into logs or tree being cut

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20
Q

3 types of chippers are?

A

rotary drum, disc knife and mechanical drum

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21
Q

5 step felling plan?

A

check for hazards

determine height and lean

escape route

notch and hinge

perform back cut

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22
Q

2 ways electricity harms tree workers?

A

direct and indirect contact

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23
Q

dynamic non-invasive tree support systems

A

cobra cabling

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24
Q

prior to planting a tree that’s been in a container too long to better ensure its survival, you would?

A

slice an inch off the rootball from top to bottom on 4 sides with sharp spade or pruning saw

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25
Q

root pruning results in better quality tree because?

A

root pruning causes denser root systems and more fibrous roots

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26
Q

benefits of mulching around trees?

A

reduced soil moisture loss and temperature fluctuations

reduced weed competition and soil compaction

reduced stem damage due to lawn maintenance and weed whipping

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27
Q

T/F best to avoid pruning live wood off a tree when leaves are forming of falling off

A

true

28
Q

best way to install a trench for irrigation system beside row of spruce trees?

A

use air trenching tools, air spades or air knife

29
Q

in regards to the global climate emergency and tree species selection and planting?

A

tree species that normally flourish will star disappearing

new species from warm regions could begin growing more northernly

30
Q

hazard trees have?

A

structural defects that may cause the tree or parts oof the tree to fail where such failure can or could cause damage to property or personal injury

31
Q

when making planting decisions for the long term, selecting tree species properly involves?

A

species that have to potential to live the longest and are planted correctly and nurtured when they are young

32
Q

potentially destabilizing tree defects are?

A

girdling roots

33
Q

site constraints that have negative effects on tree root development are?

A

planted on south side of buildings with no irrigation or maintenance plan

planted in highly compacted clay soils in front yards

large maturing trees planted on a 4 lane highway

trees planted in concrete vaults next to roads

34
Q

why do some large mature trees fail and fall over?

A

opportunistic fungi can invade wounds that frequently occur that are caused by people in order to colonize roots and trunks, causing decay and weakness

35
Q

things to look for in species selection?

A

what’s the mature size and shape when fully grown

species susceptibility to insects and disease

maintenance plan required to care for plant

does plant species have aesthetics needed to fit into design

36
Q

T/F iTree software tools for tree resource managers was created by the USDA

A

true

37
Q

what’s a dendroclimatologist study?

A

effects of changing climates on there growth rings of trees

38
Q

symplast in a conifer can also be called?

A

sapwood

39
Q

distances between apical/terminal buds and bud scars from previous years indicates?

A

rates of growth from previous years

any growth abnormalities

general health of tree

age of a young tree or age of branch on older trees

40
Q

axial and radial parenchyma cells ‘balloon’ contents into vessels blocking flow of sap, not only seals against moisture loss but its the first line of defence and decay causing pathogens, this action is called?

A

tylosis

41
Q

classification of trees that has the most bio diversity in terms of growth ring formation is?

A

angiosperms

42
Q

CODIT stands for?

A

compartmentalization of decay on trees

43
Q

the network of fungal connections is mycorrhizae, it resembles what?

A

the internet

44
Q

wall 4 of CODIT

A

strongest

45
Q

outer layer of crushed dead/dying phloem cells, helper cells and cortex is known as?

A

bark

46
Q

oak trees are?

A

ring porous

47
Q

vascular tissue that transports and circulates energy from source to sink thru the symplast is known as?

A

phloem

48
Q

T/F betula papyrifera is a good compartmentalizer because its ring porous

A

false

49
Q

mycorrhizae partnerships are good for tree survival?

A

they help trees absorb water

they help absorb scarce minerals, especially phosphorus

50
Q

wall 3 in CODIT

A

resists spread of decay laterally

51
Q

wall 2 in CODIT

A

resists spread of decay inwards

52
Q

trees are like batteries, why?

A

because wood is the long term energy storage for the tree

53
Q

meristematic cells divide, then form various organs in a tree, this is called?

A

cell mitosis and differentiation

54
Q

upper most outer bud on a tree branch or root tip is called?

A

apical meristem

55
Q

how does mycorrhizae help trees?

A

by colonizing soil ahead of roots, open spaces for roots to grow and metabolizing minerals and water transporting back to the plants

56
Q

ring porous trees have large early wood vessels, 2 examples ring porous trees are?

A

oak and sea buckthorn

57
Q

knowing the life cycle of a tree relative to its energy reserves and the changing seasons is know as?

A

phenology

58
Q

T/F is it possible to inoculate soils with mycorrhizae using commercial products?

A

true

59
Q

vascular cambium produce what?

A

xylem and phloem

60
Q

T/F fertilizing and watering newly planted trees tends to prevent them from forming symbiotic bonds with beneficial mycorrhizae

A

true

61
Q

wall 1 in CODIT

A

limits vertical decay

62
Q

consequences of growing trees chemically rather biologically?

A

chemical fertilizers cause trees to be weaker and more susceptible to insects and disease

fertilizers cause trees to grow more quickly

herbicides and fungicides deplete the soil of friendly fungi and may cause plants to nt form mycorrhizal partnerships

63
Q

match cambium, phloem, xylem, radial and axial parenchyma to terms

A

cambium - primary meristem produce radial growth

phloem - moves sugars thru plant

xylem - moves water and minerals

radial - runs perpendicular to growth rings

axial - runs parallel to growth rings

64
Q

before staring a chainsaw you would?

A

check controls, tension, bolts and handles

chain is sharp and tanks are full

wear safety chaps for protection, footwear, gloves, helmet, hearing protection

65
Q
A

LHAP 3rd (8 decks)

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