Urban development Flashcards
What proportion of the world lives in rural settlements? Urban?
50/50
Define clustered rural settlement
An agricultural-based community in which a number of families live in close proximity to each other with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings
Define dispersed rural settlement
Typical of North American rural landscape. Is characterized by farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers in settlements
Provide an example of a linear rural settlement and describe (or draw) how it is laid out
Kraal villages in sub-Saharan Africa. Built by Masai ppl. Women mostly construct them. Enclosures for livestock in the center, surrounded by s ring of houses. Kraal to corral
Why did many European countries convert to dispersed patterns?
To improve agricultural production bc they were considered more efficient for agriculture than clustered settlements
. Describe the enclosure movement. Pros? Cons?
The British government transformed the rural landscape by consolidating individually owned strips of land surrounding a village into a single large farm owned by an individual. Cons- sometimes forced ppl to give up their former holdings p. Farmers lost time moving between fields, more roads had to be built to connect small lots, farmers were restricted in what they could plant. No more village life. Farms operated more efficiently at a larger scale.
Consumer services
Places to bury the dead
Religious leaders station at burial cites to perform
service of saying prayers for the deceased. (Encouraged the building of more permanent structures for ceremonies and dwellings)
• manufacturing centers
Public services
- Primarily tasked with offering protection to everyone in the settlement
- walls built around settlements for protection
- defenders (soldiers)
Business services
• Settlement served as a neutral ground whee several
groups could safely come together to trade goods and services
• Officials in the settlement provided producer services
◦Regulating the germs of transactions
◦Setting fair prices
◦Keeping records
◦Creating a currency plan
Provide an example (with region) of one of the oldest prehistoric urban settlements.
Ur in present day Iraq. Surrounded by a wall, ziggurat center. Mesopotamia Fertile Crescent
. Large cities, such as ancient Athens, began to supply what types of things not available in smaller settlements?
Public and consumer services
With a dense network of small market towns, who controlled the new medieval urban settlements?
Lords
What are the two dimensions or urbanizations?
An increase in the number of people lounging in urban settlements. An increase in the percentage of people living in urban settlements
When did the population of urban settlements exceed rural settlements for the first time?
2008
Who has more of the world’s largest urban areas MDCs or LDCs?
MDCs
Characteristics of urban settlements according to Louis Wirth: Large size
Rural- know the people who live there
Urban- know only a small percentage of the other residents
Characteristics of urban settlements according to Louis Wirth: High density
Social consequences. The only way a lot of ppl can be supported in a small areas is specialization.
Everyone performs a specific role and function. High density encourages social groups to occupy the same territory
Characteristics of urban settlements according to Louis Wirth: Social heterogenetiy
- Larger the settlement, the greater the variety of ppl
- Urban settlement ppl freer-more tolerant of diverse behavior
- Everything now is urban
Define the term CBD in one word.
Downtown
List four characteristics of a typical CB
Compact- less than 1% of the urban land area but contains a large percentage of the public, business, and consumer services. CBD is the easiest part of the city to reach from the rest of the region and is the focal pt of the region’s transportation network. Services are attracted to the SBD bc of its accessibility. One of the oldest districts in the city
Downtown shop:High Threshold
High amount of ppl needed to support the business. You need many people to support a Forever
21 on Michigan Avenue because of high costs
Downtown shop: High range
The area that ppl are willing to travel to get to it is far. People travel from Indiana to get to a Cubs game. .
Why are these shops decreasing in the CBD?
They are moving to suburban areas bc now it’s mostly downtown office workers, inner-city residents, and tourists
Another type of shop in the CBD are those which provide services to downtown workers. Give three examples
Retailers that sell office supplies, computers clothing, rapid show repair, rapid photocopy, dry cleaning.
Why are retailers that sell office stuff shops increasing
They cater to the type of people there- office workers. Mostly downtown employees that shop during the lunch hour. Pattern of demand has changed
What is happening to the old manufacturing districts in American CBDs?
They clear them and construct docks, parks, walkway s ships, museums, offices, boutiques, entertainment centers, etc.
Factor pushing residential uses out of CBD
From CBDs by high rents that business and retail services were willing to pay and by the dirt, free, congestion, and poverty that they experienced living downtown
Factor pulling residential uses out of CBD
Pulled to suburbs bc larger homes with private years and
modern schools
Describe how the intense land use of CBDs has created expansion of the CBD “above” and “below” in order to
maximize the small space of the downtown?
New apartment buildings and townhouses have been constructed and abandoned warehouses and outdated office buildings have been converted into residential lofts. Downtown living is attractive to ppl who don’t have kids.
Explain the concept of a food desert
An area in a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain
How is the underground utilized in cities?
There are garages, loading docs, pipes for water and sewer services. Telephone, electric, TV. Subway. Underground pedestrian passages and shops in cold areas
How is “land use” distributed within a typical skyscraper?
Retail services pay a high rent for street-level space to entice customers. Business services, less-dependent on walk-in trade occupy offices on middle levels at low rates. Apartments on the upper floors take advantage of lower noise levels and panoramic views.
What is the only major U.S. city without skyscrapers?
Washington D.C. no building can be higher than the U.S. Capital dome. The buildings are more horizontal and the CBD spreads over a greater amount of area.
What are census tracts?
Compact areas with a about 5000 residents each and correspond if possible to neighborhood boundaries
What is social area analysis?
Compare the distributions of characteristics and create and overall picture of where various types of people tend to live
List five ways that a European CBD differs from a North American CBD.
Less dominated by skyscrapers for business services. Most prominent structures may be public or semi public. Like churches and parks. Low rise structures and narrow streets. More people live downtown. Ban motor vehicles from busy shopping streets