Chapter 7: Ethnicity Flashcards
1
Q
Race
A
Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor.
-Physical characteristics and skin color
2
Q
Ethnicity
A
The identity with a group of people who share cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth
-Heritage and culture
3
Q
Blockbusting
A
A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood, which would drop the prices even lower
-The real estate agents then sold the houses at a higher price to black families leaving the ghettos
4
Q
White flight
A
Whites fled their neighborhoods when blacks started moving in nearby
-Cause: blacks moving in
Effect: decrease in white population
5
Q
Separate but equal
A
Plessy v Ferguson (1896): States segregation of white and blacks in railway cars is constitutional because it provided separate but equal treatment of blacks and whites
6
Q
Apartheid
A
The physical separation of different races into different geographic areas
EX: South Africa- white descendants from Holland enacted a legal system intended to segregate its people
7
Q
Nationalism
A
Promotes a sense of national consciousness that exalts (to hold in high regard) one nation
EX: National flag or anthem
8
Q
Centripetal force
A
-Push you closer to another
-Unify people and enhance support for a state
EX: Shared hate pushes the country together, anthem, sports, equal rights
9
Q
Centrifugal force
A
-Push you away from each other
-Pulls/pushes a country apart and un-unifies
EX: economic instability, racism and segregation,
10
Q
Ethnic cleansing
A
A process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region
EX: Balkans-> rivalries among ethnicities led to ethnic cleansing of the Bosnia Muslims
11
Q
Genocide
A
The mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence
EX: holocaust
12
Q
Balkinization
A
The process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
EX: The balkans
13
Q
Redlining
A
A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries
To withhold home-loan funds or insurance from neighborhoods considered poor economic risks
14
Q
Ethnic enclaves
A
A neighborhood, district, or suburb which retains some cultural distinction from a larger, surrounding area.
EX: Chinatown
15
Q
Jim crow laws
A
-Southern states enacted a set of laws to segregate blacks from whites
EX: blacks had to sit in the back of the bus and whites in the front
16
Q
Sharecropping
A
Freed as slaves, most African Americans remained in the rural South during the late nineteenth century working as sharecroppers
-Works fields rented from a landowner and pays rent by turning over a share of the crops to him or her
17
Q
Triangular trade
A
America trades rum to britain
Britain sends clothing and trinkets to Africa
Africa sends slaves to the Carribean
Carribean sends molasses to America and Britian
18
Q
Concentration
A
The spread of objects over space
19
Q
Concentration: clustered vs dispersed
A
Clustered: things are close together
Dispersed: things are far apart
20
Q
Racism
A
The belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial difference produce and inherent superiority of a particular race
21
Q
What is the difference btwn African American and Black
A
AA- a group within an extensive cultural tradition
Black- denotes nothing more than dark skin
22
Q
What are the three most numerous ethnicities in the US in 2012
A
- Asian American
- African American
- Hispanic
23
Q
Why is it challenging for many to choose their race/ethnicity on the US census form
A
- Mixed races may not choose to identify with one race or identity
- Some Americans trace their heritage to place s in Europe like Ireland and Italy which are not included in race and ethnicity questions
24
Q
An example of ethnic clustering in a state scale
A
- African American make up 85% of Detroit compared to 7% in Michigan
- Chicago is more than 1/3 African American compared to 1/12 in the rest of Illinois
25
What two scales can clustering of ethnicity occur at
- Regional (regions)
| - Urban (ethnic clustering in cities)
26
Where is the hispanics clustered
-South west
| EX: Texas, New Mexico, Arizona
27
Where is the African Americans clustered
-Southeast
| EX: Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, South Carolina
28
Where is the Asian Americans clustered
-West
| EX: Hawaii, California, Alaska
29
African Americans are descendants
Asian Americans and Hispanics descendants
What type of migration did their ancestors use
AA: forced
| Asian americans and Hispanics: voluntary
30
Describe the forced migration of African Americans
-Dif european countries got slaves from different areas of Africa and sent them to the Americas
EX: Portuguese shipped slaves from Angola and Mozambique to their American colonies in Brazil
31
What Amendment to the Constitution outlawed slavery
-13th amendment
32
What did the 14th amendment do
- Granted African Americans citizenship
1. All people born in the US are citizens
2. Citizens cannot be denied equal protection of the law
33
What internal migration patterns do African Americans display
- Interregional from south to north
- Intraregional from inner city ghettos to outer city and inner sub urban neighborhoods during the 2nd half of the 20th century
34
After the Civil war, why did most African Americans remain in the South
-Some were there to work as sharecroppers
35
Interregional migration of African Americans in the early 1900s: what were the push and pull factors
Push: Farm machinery reduced labor opportunities (mechanization)
Pull: Jobs in booming industrial cities of the north (manufacturing jobs)
36
Interregional migration of African Americans in the early 1900s: what were the two time periods of the main waves
1st: 1910s and 1920s
2nd: 1940s and 1950s
37
What were African American neighborhoods called
Ghettos
38
What was the population densities in ghettos like
- Tight cluster
| - High concentration
39
What was the white flight
-Whites fled their neighborhoods when blacks were moving in nearby
Cause: blacks moving in
Effect: drop in white population
40
What did the Kerner commission write in 1968 and what was it like half a century later
- US cities were divided into 2 separate and unequal societies (black and white)
- Half a century later even though they tried to desegregate and fix it, segregation and inequality persists
41
Distinctive feature of ethnic relations in the U.S. and South Africa
-Strong discouragement of spatial interaction
42
Plessy vs Ferguson
-States segregation of white and blacks in railway cars is constitutional because it provided separate but equal treatment of blacks and whites
43
Brown v. board of education of Topeka Kansa
-Ended legalized segregation
44
Racial classes under apartheid
- Black
- White
- Colored (mixed white and black)
- Asian
45
What were homelands
- Like ghettos
| - Government designated areas for a community where they had to stay there
46
Other forms of segregation under apartheid
- Where they could live, go to school, work, shop, own land
- Black could only work jobs with lower wages than whites even though the jobs were similar
- Blacks can't vote or run for national political elections
47
Role of the British in the South African apartheid system
-Seized the Dutch colony in 1795 and controlled South Africa's government until 1948
48
Role of the Boers/Afrikaans in the South African apartheid system
-Won elections, vowed to resist pressure to turn over South Africans government to the blacks who were controlling independent states and the nationalist party created the apartheid laws to continue white dominance
49
Role of the African National Congress and Nelson Mandela in the South Africa apartheid
- Countries first black president
- Got rid of apartheid laws
- Country is governed by its black majority
- Blacks are still a lot poorer compared to white South Africans
50
How are nationality and ethnicity similar
-Similar in concept that membership is both defined through shared cultural balues
51
Where do shared cultural values from the same ethnicity derive from
- Religion
- Language
- Material culture
52
Where do shared cultural values from the same nationality derive from
- Voting
- Obtaining a passport
- Performing civic duties
53
What is the difference between ethnicity and nationality in the United Kingdom
-UK encompasses Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales, so ethnicity can be separate from nationality or the save
54
Nationality
Identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country
55
How do nations and states foster nationalism
- Mass media
| - Promoting symbols of the country-> flags, and songs
56
How can naitonalism have a negative impact
- Nationalism can be achieved through the creation of negative images of other nation states]
- Leads to intense dislike for other naitonalities
57
Religions in Lebanon
- Nearly all LebaneseChristians consider themsleves ethnically descneded from the ancient phoenicians
- Lebanon's Muslims consider themselves Arabs
- Diversity in Lebanon at the sufaces appears to be more religious than ethnic
58
How has the makeup of the population of Lebanon changed since 1943
- Used to be mostly Maronite, Sunni, Shiite, and then Greek Orthodox
- Now Mulsims majority
59
What resulted after the Lebanon civil war
- Muslims and Christians politically and economically equal
- Each religion got 1/2 of the seats in parliament
- Later, Lebanon was left under control of Syria and U.S. withdrawled
60
What three ethnicities in Sri Lanka on the map
- Sinhalese
- Tamil
- Moor
61
Sinhalese in Sri Lanka percentage, Language family, Religion
- 74%
- Indo family, Indo iranian branch
- Buddhism
62
Tamil in Sri Lanka percentage, Language family, Religion
- 16%
- Dravidian family
- Hinduism
63
Moor in Sri Lanka percentage, Language family, Religion
- 10%
- Indo euro or Dravidian family
- Islam
64
How has violence between the two main ethnic groups (which goes back 2,000 years) been suppressed during the past 300 years
-European control
65
Since Sri Lanka gained independence in 1948, what has been the main ethnic conflict in the country
- Sinhalese dominated government military, most of commerce
| - Tamils feel they suffer from discrimination from the Sinhalese-dominated government
66
What has been the fear of the Tamils since they were defeated in 2009
- They fear that the future of Sri Lanka as a multinational state is jeopardized
- They fear the military defeat jeopardized their ethnic identity
67
What is the relationship between the ethnicity and territory of a nationality
-Few ethnicities inhibit an area that matches the territory of a nationality
68
When the British ended colonial control of South Asia in 1947, how was the region divided politically, and how was the religion divided ethnically (religiously)
Politically: India and Pakistan
| Ethnicity- Pakistan (east-> Bangladesh, West is India). India is Hindu and Pakistan is muslim
69
Who led the struggle for independence in India
Mahatma Ghandi
70
Describe the massive migration that occurred in the late 1940s. Who? Why? Extremism?
WHO- 17 million caught on the wrong side of the boundary felt compelled to migrate
WHY- partician of South Asia, the 2 boundaries did not correspond to the territory inhabited by the two ethnicities
EXTREMISM- Hindus in Pakistan and Muslims in India were killed by people from the rival religion, extremists attacked small groups of refugees traveling by road and halted trains to massacre the passengers
71
Describe the instability in the Kashmir region
- Pakistan and India didn't agree on the location that separates them in Kashmir
- Pakistan wants Kashmir to be its own region but India wants it as their own
72
How do Sikhs factor into Kashmir and India's turmoil
- They resented that they were not given their own independent country when India was partitioned
- They make up a majority in the Indian state of Punjab that is southeast Kashmir along the border of Pakistan
- Sikh extremists have fought for more control over the Punjab or even complete independence from India
73
What are the Kurds key cultural characteristcs
- Mountains
- Sunni muslims
- Iranian language
- Have their own literature, dress, and cultural traditions
74
Why did Kudistan not become a separate state
-Treaty of Sevres created an independent state for Kurdistan but before the treaty was ratified the Turks under the leadership of mustafa Kenal Attaturk found to expand the territory under their control beyond the small area that the allies had allocated to them
75
Where do Kurds live today
- Several countries:
- Eastern Turkey
- Nothern Iraq
- Western Iran
- Syrian
76
How have the Kurds living in Turkey been treated
- Turks tried to suppress Kurdish Culture
- Use of the Kurdish language was illgal in Turkey
- Laws banned Kurdish language use in broadcasts and class rooms
77
Key countries that have ethnic diversity in Western Asia
- Iraq
- Iran
- Afghanistan
- Pakistan
78
Iraq ethnic diversity
- 3/4s are Arabs (2/3s shiite and 1/3 Sunni)
- 1/6 Kurds
- Most have stronger loyaltu to a tribe or clan than to a nationality or major ethnicity
- Kurds north
- Shiite center
- Shiite south
79
Iran ethnic diversity
- Most numerous ethnicity is Persian who aderes to Shiite Islam
- Also Azeri and Baluchi are minority
80
Afghanistan ethnic diversity
- Pashtun
- Tajik
- Itazara
- Pashtun faction is the Taliban that gained control of the country and ruled with the policies based on Islamic fundamentalism
81
Pakistan ethnic diversity
- Most numerous is Punjabi
- Border area with Afrghanistan is principally Baluchi and Pashtun
- Punjabi is Islam and Sunni Muslims
82
How is ethnic cleansing different from traditional wars
- It isn't simply to defeat an enemu to subjugate them
| - It involves the removal of every member (men, women, children) of the less powerful ethnicity
83
What is the Holocaust and example of
Genocide
84
What/where are the Balkans? What countries are in this region?
- Balkan Peninsula and is named for the Balkan mountains
| - Includes Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, romania
85
When/ why did Yugoslavia created
Why- to unite several Balkan ethnicities who spoke simialr south slavic languages
When: after WWI
86
Why did Yugoslavia break apart in 1992
- Republics were changed from local government uniteds into five separate countries, ethnicities fought to redefined
- Rivalries among ethnicities resurfaces when Tito (leader) died
87
What countries are on the Balkan Peninsula
- Albania
- Bulgaria
- Greece
- Herzegovina
- Kosoco
- Romania
88
How was Yugoslavia different from other communist countries
-It was socialist
89
How many republics were within Yugoslavia
6
90
How were each of the republics in Yugoslavia divided ethnically
```
Croats- Croatia
Macedonia- Macedonia
Montenegrens- montenegro
Serbs- serbia
Slovenes- Slovenia
Bosnia and Herzegovina- contained a mix of serbs, Croats, Muslims
```
91
When did rivalries in Yugoslavia resurface
1980ss after Tito's death
92
What is the major problem faced by the newly independent states of Yugoslavia
- Boundaries of Yugoslavia's 6 republics fixed to match the territory occupied by the 5 major nationalities
- The country contained other important groups that had not received official recognition as nationalities
93
Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia
| Perpetrators? trageted? Goal? Outcome?
Perpetrators- Croats and Serbs
Targeted- Bosnian muslim
Goal- To strengthen their case for breaking away from Bosnia and Heregovina and so majority of Bosnian Corats and Serbs and Homogenous so they are better candidates
Outcome: Bosnian Serbs got .5 of the the country (even though they are only 1/3 of the population) and Croats got 1/4 of land (1/6 popualtion)
94
Ethnic cleansing in Kosovo
| Perpetrators? Targeted? Goal? Outcome?
PERPETRATORS: Serbia
TARGETED: Albanian majority in Kosovo
GOal: to get rid of the Albanian Majority
OUTCOME: Forced a lot of ethnic Albanian residents from their homes to camps in Albania
95
How did the U.S> and NATO respond to ethnic cleansing in Albania
U.S.- recognized Kosovo as an independent country, but Serbia and Russia oppose it
NATO and US- launched an air attack against Serbia and it ended when Serbia agreed to withdrawal completely
96
BalkcanIZED
-A small geographic are that could not successfully be organized into more than one stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long standing antagonisms toward each other
97
If peace comes to the Balkan Peninsula in the next few years, why will it be "in a tragic way" according to the Rubenstein?
Peace would be caused because ethnic cleansing "worked" and millions of people were rounded up and killed or forced to migrate because they were an ethnic minority.
-Ethnic homogeneity may be the price of peace
98
How is genocide different from ethnic cleansing
Genocide is mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate that group from existence
Ethnic cleansing is justing trying to get hem out of you r area, not kill them completely
99
What is a major conflict in South Sudan
Black Christian and Animist ethnicities resisted the government that was trying to change the multiethnic country to one nationally tied to Muslim traditions. Ended with war and establishment of South Sudan as an independent state. Fighting continued because South Sudan and Sudan couldn't agree on borders
100
What has been a major conflict in Darfur
- Government discriminated and neglected Darfur so the Black Africans launched a rebellion
- Sudan Government mass murdered and raped the Darfur who are farmers-> genocide charge by many other countries and charges of war crimes have been filed against Sudan's leaders
101
What has been the major conflict in the Eastern Front
-Ethnicities in the east fought Sudan government with the support of neighboring Eritrea because of disbursement of profits from oil
102
Describe the political conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea
-After WWII the UN gave Eritrea to Ethiopia and expected them to give Eritrea considerable authority to run its own affairs but Ethiopia dissolved Eritrean legislature and banned use of Tirgrinya (their language). Eritreans rebelled and fought for independence and they won. They then fought again over borders and Eritrea lost so Ethiopia took over disputed land
103
Describe the ethnic groups in Eritrea
Tigrinya and TIgre- Strong sense of national identity united the ethnicities because shared experiences during the war
104
What is the ethnic makeup in Ethiopia like
34% Ormo (muslim fundamentalists from the south)
| 27% Amhara-> banned use of languages other than Amharic, including ormo
105
How did the clan system in Somalia lead to conflict after the fall of Somalian dictator in 1991
Clans declared independent states of Somaliand in the west, Puntland in North east, Galmudug in the center, Southwestern Somalia in the SOuth
- Warfare among the clans-> women and children died from famine and warfare among the clans
106
What is the most recent conflict in Somalia
- Islamist militias took control of much of Somalia
- Neighboring countries draw into conflict (Eritrea with Islamists) Ethiopia against
- U.S. opposed to Islamists bc claimed leaders were terrorists and the U.S. launched air strikes
- Islamists withdrew and then returned and got control of much of the country
- Ongoing conflict worsened the impact of the drought
107
Rwanda: in what ways are the Hutus and Tutsi similar and different
- Same language, similar beliefs, similar social customs, intermarriage lessened the physical difference between the two
- Main difference is that the Hutus settled farmers who gre crops. Tutsi are cattle herders who migrate
108
Rwanda: History of conflict
- Hutus ethnic cleansed Tutsis and those Hutus that were sympathetic to them
- Began when the Hutu presidents of Rwanda were shot down
- Hutus were majority but Tutsis historically controlled Rwanda
- Belgium got Rwanda after WWI and let some Tutsis go to college and didn't let Hutus and they had to get separate identity cards
- The two ethnicites kept ethnic cleasning and killing/genocide each other
109
What does state mean?
Synonym?
Why is it different from how we use it in the US
-An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs, occupies a defined territory on earth and contains a permanent population
-Country is synonym
- We use states for sectors in the US and we use state as a country
EX: America
110
What is a microstate and how many microstates are recognized. What do they have in common, List 6
- States with very small areas
- 24
- Monaco
- Vatican city
- Singapore
- Malta
111
Sovereignty def
Independence from control of its internal affairs by other states
112
What are the 6 largest states
- Russia
- Canada
- United States
- China
- Brazil
- Austrailia
113
When was the UN established and by who
-At the end of WWII (1945) by the victorious allies
114
What is the purpose of the UN
- Political, settling and preventing political disputes
| - International cooperation to address issues
115
Who are the five permanent of the Security Council
- China
- France
- Russia (Former Soviet Union)
- United Kingdom
- The United States
116
What is one problem that the UN faces as it attempts to operate and influences foreign affiars
-The UN must rely on individual countries to supply troops and so they often lack enough of them to keep peace effectively
117
Korea (north and South) issues
Since 1953, a four kilometer demilitarized sone has divided North and South Korea
-Since the 1990s there have been a number of small attempts to reconcile and in 2000, the presidents of each met for the first time
118
China and Taiwan issues
- In 1949, during the Chinese Civil war, the government of China retreated to the Island of Taiwan. When they lost, the people's Republic of China was created, Taiwan remained as a holdout.
- Taiwan was a one-party state under martial law until 1987. Today there is a Taiwanese independence movement - which is strongly resisted by both the People's Republic and by some Taiwanese
119
Western Sahara issues
- The former Spanish Sahara
| - Claimed by more than one nation. Morocco control smost of the populated areas
120
Mesopotamia government
* City State*
| - A soverign state that comprises a town and the surrounding country side
121
Rome government
*empire*
38 Provinces and each used the same set of laws that had een made in romane and masive wals helped the roman army defend many of the empire's frontiers
122
After the fall of rome government
-A lot of estates-> kings dukes, nobles, etc
123
After 1100 (Europe) government
- Getting close to Nation State
| - Kings emerged as rulers and consildated a lot of neighboring estates
124
What is a nation state
A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity
EX: Denmark
125
What is self-dtermination
-The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
EX: Taiwan has an ethnicity and wants to govern itslef
126
What is a multiethnic state
-A state that contains more than 1 Ethnicity
| EX: America
127
What is a multinational state
-A country that conatain smore than one ethnicity with traditions of self-determination
EX: Russia
128
Why is Denmark both a good and bad example of a nation state
-90 of ethnic Danes and nearly all speak Danish
| Bad- not all of it (100%) is ethnic Danes
129
Why is Slovenia a good and bad example of a nation state
-83% ethnic slovenes
-Nearly all of the world's slovenes live in Slovenia
Bad bc not 100% slovenes
130
How did Comunists suppress th eissues of ethnicity and nationalism
- Used centripetal forces to discourage ethnicities from expressing uniqueness
- Writers and artists had to use "socialist realism"
- Russian language promoted and organized religion minimized
131
Why did the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia fall apart
-Because minority ethnicites opposed the long standing dominance of the most numerous ones in each country
132
Baltic region: Countries, which one most resembles a nation-state, which one is most idverse
COUNTRIES: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
RESEMBLES: Lithuania
DIVERSE: Latvians
133
Eastern Europe: Countries, why did Belarius and Ukranians become a distinct ethnicity separate from Russian
-Are moldovans a separate ethnicity
COUNTRIES: Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova
WHY: They were isolated from the main body of the Russians because of Mongolian invasians, exposure to new influences made them a new ethnicity
MOLDOVIANS: no
134
Central Asia: countries, what country is most similar to a naiton state, which country, despire its diversity has not ben a location of ethnic conflict
COUNTRIES: Turkemistane, Ukbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan
SIMILAR: Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan
ETHNIC Conflict: Kazakhstan
135
Caucous states and similarity
Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia
| -All stive for nationhood without political conflict
136
How many different nationalisties (ethnicites) are found in Russia
39
137
Where are the ethnicities of Russia located
buryats and Tudinian near Mongolia and Chechens, Dagestini, Kaburdins, and Ossetians, near Azerbaijan and Georgia
138
Why are independence movements flourishing among these groups
-Russia is less willing to supress these movements forciblu than the Soviet Union once was
139
Russia has resisted the independence movement in Chechnta for what two reasons
- Other ethnicits would follow suit
| - The region contained deposits of petroleum
140
How did the breakup of the USSR impact he Caucasus region
-USSR used to quell conflicts between ethnicities, now it doesn't so long simmering conflicts among ethnicities has turned into armed conflicts
141
Azeris (Azerbaijan)-> sourcs of conflicts and where do the Azeris live
CONFLICT- Russian treaty same South Azerbaijan to Persia (Iran). They make up 24% of the population and can be in the government and economy, but Iran restrict sthe teaching of the Azeri language
Where do Azeris live- Azerbaijan and Iran
142
Armenians (Armenia) Ethnic makeup, Main conflict
Ethnic makeup: 98% of Armenians
Main conflict: War between with Azerbaijan over boundaries. Cease fire left Nagorno-kara bakh part of Azerbaijan, but it functions as an independent republic called Art Sakh, Armenia and Azerbaijans still fight
143
Georgians (Georgia) source of conflict
- Cultural diversity
- Abkhazian declared Northwest part as an independent state (Abkhazian) ossetians fought with Georgians and declared South Part independent
- Russia recognized Abkhazia and South Ossetia as independent states
144
What is a colony
A territory that is legally tied to a soverign state rather than being completely independent
EX: The beginning of America
145
What is colonialsim
An effort by one country to establish settlement in a territory and impose its political, economic, and cultural principals on that territory
146
For what reasons did European States establish colonies
- Promote Christianity
- Extract useful resources and to serve as captive markets for their products
- Establish relative power through the number of their colonies
147
How many colonies remain in the world according to the U.S. State Deoartment
68
148
Describe the most populous colony
Puerto Rico-> U.S.
| Citizens of the U.S., don't participate in U.S. elections or have a voting member in congress
149
Describe the least populous colony
- Pitcairn-> U.K
| - Islanders survive bu selling fish as well as postage stamps to collectors
150
What is unique about the status of Greenland
- High degree of autonomy, makes foreign policy decisions independently of Denmark
- Regards Queen of Denmark as head of State
151
What is unique about the status of Hong Kong
- Was colonies of U.K.
- British returned Hong Kong to China
- Special administrative area with autonomy from Chian in economic matters but not foreign and military affairs
152
What is the difference between a boundary and frontier
Boundary: an invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory
Frontier: a zone where no state exercises complete control
153
What is the difference between a physical and cultural boundary
Physcial: coincide with a significant feature of the natural landscape
Cultural: follow the distribution of cultural characteristics.
Physical based on land and cultural based on the people
154
What type of physical boundaries are there
- Deserts
- Mountains
- Water
155
Deset boundary
- Effectively divides two states because deserts are hard to cross and are sparsleh inhabitied
- Common in Africa and Asia
156
Mountain boundary
- Effectively divides two states, if the mountain is difficult to cross
- Useful boundaries because of their pemanent quality and tendency to be sparsely populated
157
Water boundary
- EX: rivers, lakes, oceans
- Less permanent overall than Mountain boundaries becuase of tendences of water levels to change in bodies of water and river channels to move over time
- have historically prevented attack from others
158
Law of the sea regions
-Territorial limits (innermost)
-Contiguous zone (middle)
-Exclusive economic zone (outermost)
EX: American Coast Guard protects our EEZ
159
Territorial limits
- 12 nautical miles from shore into the ocean for most countries
- States may set laws regulating passage
- States may set laws regulating passage
160
Continuous zone
States may enforce laws concerning pollution, taxation, customs and immigration
161
Exclusive economic zone
State has sole right to exploit natural resources, such as fishing
162
What is a geometric boundary
Sraight lines drawm on a map
| EX Chad and Libbya boundary is a straight line drawn by Europeans
163
What is an ethnic/ cultural boundary
Coincides with differences in ethnicitu, especiallu language and religion
EX: langauge differences influenced the demarcation of boundaries in England, France, Protugal, and Spane before the 19th century
164
Natural bounardies
- Mountains, Deserts, water
| - EX: The ocean separates America from Europe
165
Ethnic boundary created because of Religion
India: muslim orotions given to Pakistan, Hindu portions became independent state of India
166
Boundary and ethnic situation in Cyprus
- Island is physiclaly closer to Turkey, but there are more Greeks than Turks
- Cyprus got independence from Britain and the consitution gave them Turkish minoritty a substantial share of elected officials and control over its own education, religion and culture
- Greeks and Turks not peacefully integrated
- Some Greeks wanted to reunite it with Greece, Turkey sent troops and it decleared itself its own country but only Turkey recognizes it
- Now wall separates north (turks) and south (Greek)
167
Why is the shape of a state important
The shape controls the length of its boundaries with other states which effects potential for communication
-Is associated with the identity of the country
168
State shapes
- Compact
- elongated
- Prorupted
- Perforated
- Fragmented
169
Compact states
-Efficiency
-Distance from the center of state to any boundary does not vary significantly
-Can be more easily established with all regions, especially if capital is in the center
-Easy communication
-Close to each other
-Very efficient state shape
EX: Poland, Iceland, Zimbabwe
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Elongated state
-Problem: potential isolation
-Long and narrow shape
-May suffer from poor internal communication
-Long end is isolated from the capital
EX: Chile
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Prorupted
Access or Disruption
-Otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension
-May lead to difficult communication and difficult to access certain areas
Proruptions are created for 2 reasons:
1. Provide a state with access to a recource such as water
2. Separate two state that would otherwise share a boundary
EX: Thailand
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Perforated
- A state that completely surrounds another one
- Encompassed state is dependent on the surrounding state for interactions beyond its boundary
- Perforator state depends on the perforatee on the import and export of goods
- EX: South Africa and lesoths, and Vatican city and Italy
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Fragmented
-Problematic
-A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory
2 kinds:
-Fragmented states separated by water
- Fragmented states separated by an intervening states
EX: US, Indonesia
positive: you can profit from the state
Negative: Unity is harf-> centrigugal
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Enclave
State is completely surrounded by another state
| EX: Lesotho and Vatican city
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Exclave
Part of a state almost completely separated from the rest of the state
-Can cause conflict over borders
EX: part of U.S. (Alaska and Hawaii)
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What is a landlocked state
A state that have no direct access to the sea so their access to international trade is severely limited
- These states rely on their neighbors for access to desperately needed raw materials
- Possible social unity -> compact
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Where are most of the world's landlocked states and why
- Africa
- British and French had railroads to connect inner Africa with the Sea. Now there are land locked states
- British and French drew up the states
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What problms do landlocked states have
- They rely on their neighbors for access to materials
| - They must arrange to use other countries seaport
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Democracy: def, selection of leaders, citizen participation, checks and balances
DEF: A country in which citizens elect leaders and can rul for office
SELECTION: Citizens can express effective preference about alternitive politcies and leaders
PARTICIPATION: Institutionalized constraints on the exercise of power bu the executive
CHECKS: Gaurantees of civil liberties to all citizens in their daily lives and in acts of political participation
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Autocracy:def, selection of leaders, citizen participation, checks and balances
DEF: A country that is run according to the interists of the ruler rather than the people
SELECTION: Selected according to clearly defined (usually heredity) rules of succesion from within the established political elite
PARTICPATION: Has citizen's participation sharply restricted or suppressed
CHECKS: leaders who exercise political power without no meaningful checks from legislature, judicial, or civil
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What is a unitary state and what kind of govenment does it usually use
-Places most power in the hands of central officials and don;t give power to local government
-Can be democratic, but is often Totalitarian and one-party
EX: England, Kenya and Rwanda
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Why does a unitary state work best in small states
-It requires effective communications with all rehions of the country
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Why have some multinational states adopted a unitary sustem
So that the valuses of one nationality can be imposed on others
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What is a federal state
Contractual arrangement divides power between central and local governments- "allocation of residual powers"
-Theorectically large, multilingual states, but an increasing number of states today are federal
-Dif btwn strong federal state and weak unitary state can be hard to tell
EX: US
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Why have some multinational states adopted a federal system
-Two impower different nationalities, especially if they like in separate regions of the country
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Why is the federal state system more effective for larger states
The nation capital may be too remote to provide effective control over isolated regions
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Three examples of federal states
- Russia
- Canada
- U.S.
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Ehy has there been a strong global trend toward federal governments in recent years
Increasing demands by ethnicities for more self-determinism
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What is gerrymandering
The process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the prupose of benefiting the party in power
EX: 55% democratic and 45% and the politcian drew the boundaries so the democrats were in minority in each section
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What are the three types of gerrymandering
- Wasted voted
- Excess vote
- Stacked vole
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Gerrymandering: wasted vote
-Spreads opposition supporters across many districts but in the minority
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Gerrymandering: excess vote
-Concentrates opposition supporters in a few districts
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Gerrymandering: stacked vote
-Links distaned areas of a like-minded voters through oddly shaped boundaries
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How is gerrymmandering combined with ethnicity for political use
- Attractive for districts inclined to elect ethnic minorities
- Largest US ethnic groups-> African Americans and Hispanics usually vote democratic, creating a majority African american district virtually garantees election of democrats
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Mulitstate nation
Occurs when a nation has a state of its own but stretches across the borders of other states
EX: Koreans- the nation is divided into two different states
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Stateless nation
An ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state and is not majority popoulation in any nation. It imples that the group "should have" a state
EX:Kurds who are dispersed in several different countries
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Autonomous region
An area of a country that has a degree of autonomy, or has freedom from an external authority.
EX: Hong Kong in China
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Territoriality
The attempt by and individual or group to affect, influence, or control people, phenomena, and relationships, by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area.
EX: Conolizing
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Defined boundary
One established bu a legal document such as a treaty that divideds one entity from another (invisible line)
EX: Treaty for US and Canada border
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Delimited boundary
A line drawn on a map to show the limits of space
| EX: florida and Georgia boundary
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Demarcated boundary
One identified bu physical objects placed on the landscpe
| EX: fences and walls
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Ways to identify boundaries
- Defined
- Delimited
- Demarcated
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Classifications of boundaries
- Antecendent
- Subsequent
- Relic
- Superimposed
- Militarized
- Open
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Antecendent boundary
-A boundary drawn before a large population was present
| EX: US and Canada boundary on 49th paralell
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Subsequent boundary
A boundary drawn to accomodate religions, ethnic, linguistic, or economic differences
EX: Norther Ireland/UK and Reublic of Ireland
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Relic boundary
A boundary that no longer exists, but evidence of it still exists on the landscape
EX: Between east and west Germany
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Superimposed boundary
A boundary drawn by outside powers
| EX: Between Mari and Mauritania
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Militarized boundary
-A boundary that is heavily guarded and discourages crossing and movement
EX: north and south Korea
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Open Boundary
-A boundary where crossing is unimposed
| EX: countries in the UN
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Imperialism
A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
EX: Caesar conquering land for Rome
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Shatterbelt
A region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and ofter fragmented by aggressive rivals.
EX: Indonesia
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Geopolitics
Political geography that looks at the strategic relationships of land and sea
-How the geogaphy influences politics
EX: mountains, rivers, lakes
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Theories of territoriality
- Heatland
- Rimland
- Organic
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Organic theory of territoriality
-Political entities continually seek nourishment in the form of gaining territories to surivide in the same way that a living organism seeks food to survive
EX: Rome conquering land to gain more power
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Rimland theory of territoriality
based on Coastal power. Reasoned that the best base for global conquestion would be Eurasian Rimland
EX: The areas of Europe and asia that were connected to the sea were this. Inland was Heartland
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Heartland theory of territoriality
- who rules east Europe commands the Heartland and the world
- Land based- power was essential in achieving global domination
- Russia, inner Europe. Areas that didn't have access to the ports
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Reapportionment
The process re-distributing seats in the House of Representatives, or other legislative body, according to the population in each state.
EX: California dropped in population, so they need few people in their House of Reps portion
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Redistricting
Divide or organize (an area) into new political or school districts.
EX: Stevenson is not a part of CUSD 95 after the redistricting
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Boundary disputes types
- Definitional
- Locational
- Operational
- Allocational
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Definitional boundary dispute
A boundary dispute over the legal terms set forth
| EX:Canada and US discussing boundaries for their treaty
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Locational boundary dispute
A boundary dispute over the physical location
| EX: Ethiopia and Somalia
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Operational boundary dispute
Boundary dispute over how the boundary ought to function.
| EX: trading and immigration
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Allocation boundary dispute
Dispute over who owns the resources
| EX : Us and Mexico, Iraq and Kuwait
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Devolution
The transfer of power from the central govenrment to lower levels of government
-Mostly along regional lines
EX: States have their own general assembly
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Supranational organizations
- UN
- NATO
- NAFTA
- ASEAN
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EU
-1958
-Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, West Germany
Goal: to heal Western Europe's scars from WWII
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NATO
-North Atlantic Treaty Organization
-16 democratic states: U.S.
Goal: prevent the spread of Communism by the Soviet Union
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NAFTA
-North American Free Trade Agreement
-US, Canada, Mexico
Purpose: Removing barriers to the exchange of goods and services among the three countries.
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ASEAN
Association of South East Asian Nations
| Promote political and economic cooperation and regional stability.
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Terrorism
-The systematic use of violence bu a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a govenment into granting its demands
EX: 9/11 attacks
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Ireedentism
A policy of advocating the restoration to a country of any territory formerly belonging to it.
EX: China's desire to reincorporate the territories lost during periods of historical weakness
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Why was the world divided into military alliances during the cold war
-The emergence of two states as superpowers-> the US and and Soviet Union
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Since the end of the Cold War, what is the most common type of alliance
-Economic
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How did the balance of power change from before WWII to after WWII
-After: bipolar then UD and Soviet Union. All other countries fell under either country bc they lacked power
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Warsaw pact
-A military agreement among Communist Eastern European countries to defend each other in case of attack
Purpose: provide the Soviet Union a buffer of allied states to discourage another German invasion of the Soviet union
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Purpose of Warsaw Pact and NATO together
-designed to maintain a bipolar balance of power in Europe
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How has the Eu changed in th 21st century
- expanded
- barriers to trade removed
- Europe is now world’s wealthiest markets
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How has the economic crisis of 2008 threatened the future of the euro
- Economically weak countries in the EU (Greece, Italy, Spain, Ireland) needed to use harsh policies bc they’re poor
- Stronger states had to subsidize weaker ones
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What is the most fundamental obstacle to European integratiin
-Multiplicity of languages
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OSCE: members, purpose
- Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe
- 56 member
- US, Canada, Russia, Most European countries
- forum for countries concerned with ending conflicts in a Europe
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OAS
- Organization of American states
- Western Hemishphere
- Promots links between members
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African Union
- 53 countri s in Africa
| - Promote economic integration in Africa
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The commonwealth
- UK and once British colonies
| - They should eek economic and cultural cooperation
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Characteristics of terrorists
- Achieve objectives through organized acts that spread fear
- viewing violence as away to bring attention to something
- believing in a cause so much they attack and don’t care if they die
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Why is terrorism different from other acts of political viol nce
-The acts are aimed at ordinary people rather than at military targets or political leaders
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List places in which American were attacked by terrorists in the late 20th and 21st century
- 9/11
| - Flights in Scotland and Niger
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9/11 attack’s: sites attacked, how, facilities, group responsible, amount of terrorists involved
Sites attacked: twin towers of the World Trade Center and the Pentaton
How:flew commercial airplanes into the buildings
Responsible- alqaeda
-19 terrorists
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Osama bin laden
- founded and led al qadea
| - United opposition fighters in Afghanistan and osama bin laden supporters elsewhere
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Afghanistan: al qaeda
- opposition fighters United in Afghanistan
| - Bin laden moved to Afghanistan to support the fight against the Soviet government in that area
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Yemen and Somalia: alqueds
-Sudan expelled Bin laden for instigating attacks against U.s troops in Yemen and Somakia
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“The base”: al qaeda
-al qaeda means “the base” or “the foundation”
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Fatwa: al qaeda
- religious decree
- Bin laden said Muslims have a duty to wage holy war against the US bc they are maintaining the Saudi Arabia royal family and a state of Israel dominated by Jews
- getting rid of them would free up the 3 most important Muslim states: Mecca, Madinah, and jerusalem
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Afghanistan type of terrorist support
- Sanctiary for terrorists (sheltered Bin laden and other Al-Qaeda terrorists)
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Afghanistan issues
—Taliban and leaders and women are oppressed
| -US destroyed Taliban to go after Bin lade, but Taliban are going after US establish Afghanistan government
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Pakistan type of terrorist support
- Sanctuary for terrorists
| - War spilled over from Afghanistan
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Pakistan brief summary of issues
- Taliban have been largely in control
- Bin laden killed there and Pakistan probably knew he was there
- Pakistani officials were upset the US launched an attack without asking
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Iraq type of terrorist support
-Matrriak and financial support for terrorists
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Iran brief summary of issues
- US embassy held hostage there
- Iraq and Iran fought over a waterway
- Immediate target after Afghanistan of the US’ war on terror
- US accused them of housing Al Qaeda
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Iran type of terrorist support
-Material and financial support for terrorists
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Iraq brief summary of issues
—US attacked the president,saddam Hussein, bc he was making dangerous weapons that could we used by terrorists
- Hussein has close links with Al-Qaeda
- US removed Hussein and placed a democratic government there, so religious sects and tribes fight for power
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Libya type of support
-Sponsoring nightclub bombing
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Libya brief summary of issues
- Attack on nightclub that us soliders frequented
- US shot down their plane in international areas
- Libya agent planted bombs on flight in Scotland and niger
- UN sanctions have been lifted and Libya is no longer consideee a state sponsor of terrorist
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Domino theory
If one land succumbed to communism, then the surrounding would follow in domino effect
