Industrialization and economic development Flashcards
Define development:
Continuous, involving never-ending actions to constantly improve the health and prosperity of the
people
The HDI (Human Development Index), created by the UN, takes what three things into consideration when determining a country’s level of development?
- A decent standard of living
- A long and healthy life
- Access to knowledge
- What is the highest possible HDI of a country?
1.0. Very high
What is the annual per capita (per person) GNI in an MDC? In an LDC?
$34,000 in developed and $7,000 in LDC
Explain the statement: “Per capita GNI measures average (mean) wealth, not the distribution.”
If only a few ppl get most of the GNI, then standard of living for majority is lower than The average figure implies
Productivity
The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it
Value Added:
The gross value of a product minus the cost of raw materials and energy
Under perfect equality how do the HDI and the IHDI line up?
They are the same
Where is the highest inequality found in the world?
Sub Saharan Africa and South Asia
What three consumer goods are considered to be particularly good indicators of development?
Motor vehicles, telephones, and computers
Life expectancy and Infant mortality rate: MDCs
LE: 80
IMR: less than .5% die
Life expectancy and Infant mortality rate: LDCs
LE: 60
IMR: 6% die
What two measures are combined to measure the quantity of schooling in the HDI? List and explain each
Years of schooling (average years of schooling a 25+ person has)
Expected years of schooling (average number of years an average 5 year old can be expected to spend in school)
The UN uses two measures of quality of education.
What are they?
- Pupil/teacher ratio
- Literacy ratio
Pupil/teacher ratio
The fewer pupils a teacher has, the more likely that each student will receive effective instruction
Literacy rate
The percentage of a counrty’s people who can read and write. Shows hold many ppl can go to school and learn these skills
What is the literacy rate in MDCs? In LDCs?
MDC: More than 99 percent
LDC: 90 percent in East Asia and Latin A,Erica, less than 70 percent in sub Saharan Africa and south Asia
Give examples of REGIONS where there are variations in levels of development. Explain why these variations occur.
Southwest Asia and North Africa within Central Asia. Region has petroleum reserves. Countries like Saudi Arabia so United aarab
Emirates use their money from petroleum to finance development, but countries that lack significant reserves (Egypt, Jordan,
Syria) have large gap in income bc of lack of resources in one region
Give examples of COUNTRIES with varying levels of development. Explain why these variations occur
Brazil: wealth highest along Atlantic coast and lowest in interior Amazon tropical rain forest
China: wealth highest along east coast and lowest in remote and inhospitable mountain and desert environments on the interior
Mexico: wealth relatively high in region bordering its wealthier nation in the north and in the principle tourist location on the Yucatán Peninsula
The GII considers what three areas as it compares the situation of women to that of men in various countries?
Empowerment, labor, and reproductive health
GII score near 0 would indicate that…
Men and women are equal
Where is the highest GII? Lowest GII?
Highest: sub Saharan Africa, South Asia, Central Asia, and Southwest Asia. Lowest: Europe, America, Canada
What does empowerment mean in the context of gender inequality?
The ability of women to achieve improvement in their own status-to achieve economic and political power
. What two indicators are measured to calculate the empowerment dimension of the GII?
Percentage of seats hold by women in the national legislature
Percentage of women who have completed high school
Define the female labor force participation rate
The percentage of women holding full time jobs outside of the home.
Recent trends of female labor participation rate
Higher in developed countries
Highest in sub Saharan Africa even though fertility rate high
What is the maternal mortality ratio (MMR)? Highest levels?
The number of women who die giving birth per 100,000 births. Highest in sub Saharan Africa
What is the adolescent fertility rate? Highest levels?
Number of births per 1,000 women ages 15 to 19. Highest in sub Saharan Africa
Why does the UN include reproductive health in the GII?
In countries where effective control of reproduction is universal, women have fewer children, and maternal and child health are
improved. Women in developing countries are more likely to die in childbirth and to give birth as teenagers.
What has been the trend in gender inequality since the 1990s?
Inequality has declined in every country
What regions have shown the greatest improvement?
Southwest Asia and North Africa
Where does the US rank in GII? Explain why it has this ranking.
Only 47th even though HDI is 4th in the world. Reproductive rights in US much lower than other v high HDI countries. Higher
MMR in US than Canada. The percentage of women in national legislature is much lower in the USA than other high HDI countries.
Define supply
The quantity of something that producers have available for sale
Define demand
The quantity that consumers are willing and able to buy
Examine figure 9-27. What are the top four countries/regions in terms of consumption of energy?
- China
- United States
- Europe
- Other Asia
What form of energy does each of the following use?: Business
Coal. Some burn coal in furnaces, other use electricity from power plants
What form of energy does each of the following use?:Homes
Natural gas. Used for heating
What form of energy does each of the following use?: Transportation
Petroleum products
Describe fracking.
Extracts natural gas. Pumping water at high pressure to break rocks and release the natural gas in them.
Describe the impact of OPEC.
Organization of the petroleum exporting countries. Oil prices have increased sharply on several occasions. Before Europe and
America were selling the oil at low prices to developed countries.
What three countries have the most uranium reserves?
- Australia
- Kazakhstan
- Russia
What is it, Who uses it, Problems, etc: Hydroelectric
Generating energy from the movement of water. Developing countries. Brazil, Canada, United States
(Kinda)
What is it, Who uses it, Problems, etc: Biomass fuel
Fuel derived from plant material and animal waste. Use waste from processing wood and crops. North
America, Europe, developing regions. Brazil uses it to fuel cars. Inefficient, crops have other purposes,
fertility of forest reduced.
What is it, Who uses it, Problems, etc.: Wind power
Sail boats, windmills,moving the turbine. Less environment modification, potential for increased use. Can
be noisy and lethal for birds and bats, ugly. North America, Europe, developing regions. US and Denmark
What is it, Who uses it, Problems, etc: Geothermal energy
Energy from hot water or steam from earth. California, Italy, New Zealand, Japan, Iceland, Indonesia,
What is it, Who uses it, Problems, etc: Nuclear fission
The fusing of hydrogen atoms to form helium. Produce a lot of energy, but needs a lot of heat that we can’t
generate with our technology.
What is it, Who uses it, Problems, etc: Passive solar energy
Capture energy without using special devices. South-facing windows, dark surfaces. Humans are
passive energy collectors . Greenhouses special window coatings
What is it, Who uses it, Problems, etc: Active solar energy
Collect solar energy and convert it either to heat energy or electricity. In directed electric conversion, energy
capped its photovoltaic cells. In indirect, solar radiation is first converted to heat and then to electricity
What is the ratio of people to these types (motor vehicles, telephones, computers) of goods in a typical MDC? In a typical LDC?
LDCs have high number of ppl to one of each. MDCs have low number of ppl per good
The people in LDCs who do have access to consumer goods are usually concentrated in what regions?
Countryside/rural areas (hierarchial diffusion)
How is the percent of workers in agriculture different in LDCs and MDCs?
Higher percent in LDCs bc MDCs have machines
Within MDCs, what is the trend (increasing or decreasing) for each of the sectors?
More going into tertiary
Coal: How did it form?, Where is it found today?, Proven reserves, How long would it last current demand
How did it form?, -tropical, swampy areas, from plants
Where is it found today?-
China= #1, United States
Proven reserves-
23 mil quad BTUS
How long would it last current demand- 131 yrs
Petroleum- How did it form?, Where is it found today?, Proven reserves, How long would it last current demand
How did it form?, - Millions of years ago from residue on seafloor
Where is it found today?- Russia and Saudi Arabia
Proven reserves-6,000 quad BTUS
How long would it last current demand- 49 years
Natural Gas- How did it form?, Where is it found today?, Proven reserves, How long would it last current demand
How did it form?, - formed millions of years ago from sediment on Sea floor
Where is it found today?- Russia, southwest Asia, United States
Proven reserves-
5,000 Quad BTUS
How long would it last current demand-43 yrs
Even though the developed world provides a large share of the word’s fossil fuels, why does it have to import fossil
fuels from developing countries?
- Conservation measures dampened demand.
- Not as many gas guzzleing cars etc
Pros and cons of using nuclear energy
Pros: Dont need much for a large release of energy Cons: Potential accidents Radioactive waste Bomb material Limited uranium reserves High cost
Self sufficiency model problem and criticisms
- Protection of inefficient businesses
* need for large bureaucracy (liscences and stuff)
Self sufficiency model: india
- foreign companies had to get a license to import goods into India. Took a long time
- If a company had liscence, restriction on number of goods it could sell in India
- Heavy taxes on imported goods
International trade problems
- Uneven resource distribution
- Increased dependence on developed countries
- Market decline
International trade: four dragons
South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong
Concentrated in manufacturing, especially electronics and clothing
Which two models for development has shown the most success?
International
International trade appraoch: persian gulf states
Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, UAW
-Use revenue from oil exports to finance development
. What is the purpose of the World Trade Organization?
• To promote the international trade development
mode
List two criticisms of the WTO
Antidemocratic bc desicions made behind closed doors promote the interest of large corporations rather than
the ppl
• WTO comprises the power and sovereign of individual countries bc it can order changes in taxes and laws that
it considers unfair trading practices
What are transnational corporations?
• Invest and operate in countries than the one in which the HQ is located
Identify the two main sources, both controlled by MDCs, of loans for LDCs
- World Bank
* International Monetary Fund (IMF)
What is the theory behind using loans for infrastructure projects in LDCs?
• It will make conditions more favorable for domestic and foreign businesses to open or
expand
n reality, what has usually happened when loans have been used for these infrastructure projects?
Half the projects it has funded in Africa were failures
• Projects don’t work bc faulty engineering
• New infrastructure does not attract other investment
• Recipient nations squander or spend aid on armaments or the aid is stolen
What countries/regions have debt as over 50% of their GNI?
• America, India, Europe, Brazil, South America
What are structural adjustment programs?
Includes economic “Reforms” or adjustments.
Why do LDCs enact structural adjustment programs, even though they may be unpopular with the citizens of their
countries?
• The poor suffer more when a country does not undertake reforms. Economic growth is
what benefits the poor the most
Fair Trade:Fair Trade for
Producers
• payment of higher prices to exporters, as well as improved
social and environmental standards
Fair Trade:Fair Trade for
Workers
Fair wages, permit union organizing, comply with minimum
environmental and safety standards
Fair Trade:Cooperative farm
• Band together to get credit, reduce their raw material costs
maintain higher and fairer prices for their products
Explain how development has progressed in each of the following areas: a. Infant mortality rate
• Gap bran LDC and MDC going down
Explain how development has progressed in each of the following areas:Life expectancy
• Gap same
Explain how development has progressed in each of the following areas:c. GNI per capita
Gap widened
. What the Millennium Development Goals (note, these are outdated but same idea. The new ones are the
Sustainable Development Goals)?
• -Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger • Universal primary education • Gender equality • Less child mortality • Improve maternal health • Combat disease • Ensure environmental stability • Develop a global partnership for development
What countries are in the core? Periphery?
Core:North America, Japan,
Russia, Europe, Australia
• Periphery: Latin America, Sub
Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia
Brazil and Mexico semi periph
