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AP HUGE Semester 2 > Industrialization and economic development > Flashcards

Industrialization and economic development Flashcards

1
Q

Define development:

A

Continuous, involving never-ending actions to constantly improve the health and prosperity of the
people

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2
Q 
The HDI (Human Development Index), created by the UN, takes what three things into consideration when
determining a country’s level of development?
A
  1. A decent standard of living
  2. A long and healthy life
  3. Access to knowledge
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3
Q
  1. What is the highest possible HDI of a country?
A

1.0. Very high

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4
Q

What is the annual per capita (per person) GNI in an MDC? In an LDC?

A

$34,000 in developed and $7,000 in LDC

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5
Q

Explain the statement: “Per capita GNI measures average (mean) wealth, not the distribution.”

A

If only a few ppl get most of the GNI, then standard of living for majority is lower than The average figure implies

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6
Q

Productivity

A

The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it

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7
Q

Value Added:

A

The gross value of a product minus the cost of raw materials and energy

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8
Q

Under perfect equality how do the HDI and the IHDI line up?

A

They are the same

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9
Q

Where is the highest inequality found in the world?

A

Sub Saharan Africa and South Asia

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10
Q

What three consumer goods are considered to be particularly good indicators of development?

A

Motor vehicles, telephones, and computers

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11
Q

Life expectancy and Infant mortality rate: MDCs

A

LE: 80
IMR: less than .5% die

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12
Q

Life expectancy and Infant mortality rate: LDCs

A

LE: 60
IMR: 6% die

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13
Q

What two measures are combined to measure the quantity of schooling in the HDI? List and explain each

A

Years of schooling (average years of schooling a 25+ person has)
Expected years of schooling (average number of years an average 5 year old can be expected to spend in school)

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14
Q

The UN uses two measures of quality of education.

What are they?

A
  • Pupil/teacher ratio

- Literacy ratio

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15
Q

Pupil/teacher ratio

A

The fewer pupils a teacher has, the more likely that each student will receive effective instruction

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16
Q

Literacy rate

A

The percentage of a counrty’s people who can read and write. Shows hold many ppl can go to school and learn these skills

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17
Q

What is the literacy rate in MDCs? In LDCs?

A

MDC: More than 99 percent
LDC: 90 percent in East Asia and Latin A,Erica, less than 70 percent in sub Saharan Africa and south Asia

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18
Q

Give examples of REGIONS where there are variations in levels of development. Explain why these variations occur.

A

Southwest Asia and North Africa within Central Asia. Region has petroleum reserves. Countries like Saudi Arabia so United aarab
Emirates use their money from petroleum to finance development, but countries that lack significant reserves (Egypt, Jordan,
Syria) have large gap in income bc of lack of resources in one region

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19
Q

Give examples of COUNTRIES with varying levels of development. Explain why these variations occur

A

Brazil: wealth highest along Atlantic coast and lowest in interior Amazon tropical rain forest
China: wealth highest along east coast and lowest in remote and inhospitable mountain and desert environments on the interior
Mexico: wealth relatively high in region bordering its wealthier nation in the north and in the principle tourist location on the Yucatán Peninsula

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20
Q

The GII considers what three areas as it compares the situation of women to that of men in various countries?

A

Empowerment, labor, and reproductive health

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21
Q

GII score near 0 would indicate that…

A

Men and women are equal

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22
Q

Where is the highest GII? Lowest GII?

A

Highest: sub Saharan Africa, South Asia, Central Asia, and Southwest Asia. Lowest: Europe, America, Canada

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23
Q

What does empowerment mean in the context of gender inequality?

A

The ability of women to achieve improvement in their own status-to achieve economic and political power

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24
Q

. What two indicators are measured to calculate the empowerment dimension of the GII?

A

Percentage of seats hold by women in the national legislature
Percentage of women who have completed high school

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25
Q

Define the female labor force participation rate

A

The percentage of women holding full time jobs outside of the home.

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26
Q

Recent trends of female labor participation rate

A

Higher in developed countries

Highest in sub Saharan Africa even though fertility rate high

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27
Q

What is the maternal mortality ratio (MMR)? Highest levels?

A

The number of women who die giving birth per 100,000 births. Highest in sub Saharan Africa

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28
Q

What is the adolescent fertility rate? Highest levels?

A

Number of births per 1,000 women ages 15 to 19. Highest in sub Saharan Africa

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29
Q

Why does the UN include reproductive health in the GII?

A

In countries where effective control of reproduction is universal, women have fewer children, and maternal and child health are
improved. Women in developing countries are more likely to die in childbirth and to give birth as teenagers.

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30
Q

What has been the trend in gender inequality since the 1990s?

A

Inequality has declined in every country

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31
Q

What regions have shown the greatest improvement?

A

Southwest Asia and North Africa

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32
Q

Where does the US rank in GII? Explain why it has this ranking.

A

Only 47th even though HDI is 4th in the world. Reproductive rights in US much lower than other v high HDI countries. Higher
MMR in US than Canada. The percentage of women in national legislature is much lower in the USA than other high HDI countries.

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33
Q

Define supply

A

The quantity of something that producers have available for sale

34
Q

Define demand

A

The quantity that consumers are willing and able to buy

35
Q

Examine figure 9-27. What are the top four countries/regions in terms of consumption of energy?

A
  1. China
  2. United States
  3. Europe
  4. Other Asia
36
Q

What form of energy does each of the following use?: Business

A

Coal. Some burn coal in furnaces, other use electricity from power plants

37
Q

What form of energy does each of the following use?:Homes

A

Natural gas. Used for heating

38
Q

What form of energy does each of the following use?: Transportation

A

Petroleum products

39
Q

Describe fracking.

A

Extracts natural gas. Pumping water at high pressure to break rocks and release the natural gas in them.

40
Q

Describe the impact of OPEC.

A

Organization of the petroleum exporting countries. Oil prices have increased sharply on several occasions. Before Europe and
America were selling the oil at low prices to developed countries.

41
Q

What three countries have the most uranium reserves?

A
  1. Australia
  2. Kazakhstan
  3. Russia
42
Q

What is it, Who uses it, Problems, etc: Hydroelectric

A

Generating energy from the movement of water. Developing countries. Brazil, Canada, United States
(Kinda)

43
Q

What is it, Who uses it, Problems, etc: Biomass fuel

A

Fuel derived from plant material and animal waste. Use waste from processing wood and crops. North
America, Europe, developing regions. Brazil uses it to fuel cars. Inefficient, crops have other purposes,
fertility of forest reduced.

44
Q

What is it, Who uses it, Problems, etc.: Wind power

A

Sail boats, windmills,moving the turbine. Less environment modification, potential for increased use. Can
be noisy and lethal for birds and bats, ugly. North America, Europe, developing regions. US and Denmark

45
Q

What is it, Who uses it, Problems, etc: Geothermal energy

A

Energy from hot water or steam from earth. California, Italy, New Zealand, Japan, Iceland, Indonesia,

46
Q

What is it, Who uses it, Problems, etc: Nuclear fission

A

The fusing of hydrogen atoms to form helium. Produce a lot of energy, but needs a lot of heat that we can’t
generate with our technology.

47
Q

What is it, Who uses it, Problems, etc: Passive solar energy

A

Capture energy without using special devices. South-facing windows, dark surfaces. Humans are
passive energy collectors . Greenhouses special window coatings

48
Q

What is it, Who uses it, Problems, etc: Active solar energy

A

Collect solar energy and convert it either to heat energy or electricity. In directed electric conversion, energy
capped its photovoltaic cells. In indirect, solar radiation is first converted to heat and then to electricity

49
Q

What is the ratio of people to these types (motor vehicles, telephones, computers) of goods in a typical MDC? In a typical LDC?

A

LDCs have high number of ppl to one of each. MDCs have low number of ppl per good

50
Q

The people in LDCs who do have access to consumer goods are usually concentrated in what regions?

A

Countryside/rural areas (hierarchial diffusion)

51
Q

How is the percent of workers in agriculture different in LDCs and MDCs?

A

Higher percent in LDCs bc MDCs have machines

52
Q

Within MDCs, what is the trend (increasing or decreasing) for each of the sectors?

A

More going into tertiary

53
Q

Coal: How did it form?, Where is it found today?, Proven reserves, How long would it last current demand

A

How did it form?, -tropical, swampy areas, from plants

Where is it found today?-
China= #1, United States

Proven reserves-
23 mil quad BTUS
How long would it last current demand- 131 yrs

54
Q

Petroleum- How did it form?, Where is it found today?, Proven reserves, How long would it last current demand

A

How did it form?, - Millions of years ago from residue on seafloor
Where is it found today?- Russia and Saudi Arabia

Proven reserves-6,000 quad BTUS

How long would it last current demand- 49 years

55
Q

Natural Gas- How did it form?, Where is it found today?, Proven reserves, How long would it last current demand

A

How did it form?, - formed millions of years ago from sediment on Sea floor

Where is it found today?- Russia, southwest Asia, United States

Proven reserves-
5,000 Quad BTUS
How long would it last current demand-43 yrs

56
Q

Even though the developed world provides a large share of the word’s fossil fuels, why does it have to import fossil
fuels from developing countries?

A
  • Conservation measures dampened demand.

- Not as many gas guzzleing cars etc

57
Q

Pros and cons of using nuclear energy

A 
Pros: Dont need much for a large release of energy
Cons: Potential accidents
Radioactive waste
Bomb material
Limited uranium reserves
High cost
58
Q

Self sufficiency model problem and criticisms

A
  • Protection of inefficient businesses

* need for large bureaucracy (liscences and stuff)

59
Q

Self sufficiency model: india

A
  • foreign companies had to get a license to import goods into India. Took a long time
  • If a company had liscence, restriction on number of goods it could sell in India
  • Heavy taxes on imported goods
60
Q

International trade problems

A
  • Uneven resource distribution
  • Increased dependence on developed countries
  • Market decline
61
Q

International trade: four dragons

A

South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong

Concentrated in manufacturing, especially electronics and clothing

62
Q

Which two models for development has shown the most success?

A

International

63
Q

International trade appraoch: persian gulf states

A

Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, UAW

-Use revenue from oil exports to finance development

64
Q

. What is the purpose of the World Trade Organization?

A

• To promote the international trade development

mode

65
Q

List two criticisms of the WTO

A

Antidemocratic bc desicions made behind closed doors promote the interest of large corporations rather than
the ppl
• WTO comprises the power and sovereign of individual countries bc it can order changes in taxes and laws that
it considers unfair trading practices

66
Q

What are transnational corporations?

A

• Invest and operate in countries than the one in which the HQ is located

67
Q

Identify the two main sources, both controlled by MDCs, of loans for LDCs

A
  • World Bank

* International Monetary Fund (IMF)

68
Q

What is the theory behind using loans for infrastructure projects in LDCs?

A

• It will make conditions more favorable for domestic and foreign businesses to open or
expand

69
Q

n reality, what has usually happened when loans have been used for these infrastructure projects?

A

Half the projects it has funded in Africa were failures
• Projects don’t work bc faulty engineering
• New infrastructure does not attract other investment
• Recipient nations squander or spend aid on armaments or the aid is stolen

70
Q

What countries/regions have debt as over 50% of their GNI?

A

• America, India, Europe, Brazil, South America

71
Q

What are structural adjustment programs?

A

Includes economic “Reforms” or adjustments.

72
Q

Why do LDCs enact structural adjustment programs, even though they may be unpopular with the citizens of their
countries?

A

• The poor suffer more when a country does not undertake reforms. Economic growth is
what benefits the poor the most

73
Q

Fair Trade:Fair Trade for

Producers

A

• payment of higher prices to exporters, as well as improved

social and environmental standards

74
Q

Fair Trade:Fair Trade for

Workers

A

Fair wages, permit union organizing, comply with minimum

environmental and safety standards

75
Q

Fair Trade:Cooperative farm

A

• Band together to get credit, reduce their raw material costs
maintain higher and fairer prices for their products

76
Q

Explain how development has progressed in each of the following areas: a. Infant mortality rate

A

• Gap bran LDC and MDC going down

77
Q

Explain how development has progressed in each of the following areas:Life expectancy

A

• Gap same

78
Q

Explain how development has progressed in each of the following areas:c. GNI per capita

A

Gap widened

79
Q

. What the Millennium Development Goals (note, these are outdated but same idea. The new ones are the
Sustainable Development Goals)?

A 
• -Eradicate extreme poverty and
hunger
• Universal primary education
• Gender equality
• Less child mortality
• Improve maternal health
• Combat disease
• Ensure environmental stability
• Develop a global partnership for
development
80
Q

What countries are in the core? Periphery?

A

Core:North America, Japan,
Russia, Europe, Australia
• Periphery: Latin America, Sub
Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia

Brazil and Mexico semi periph

AP HUGE Semester 2 (7 decks)

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