Urban Decline and Regeneration Within Urban Areas Flashcards
Definition of urban decline/urban decay
When a decrease in economic activity in an urban area causes it to become run down usually takes place in part of a city. Population decreases, buildings abandoned, high unemployment
Why is there social segregation in cities
- Housing - areas based on costs (wealth)
- Changing environments- areas change over time,gentrification? , council houses improved
- The ethnic dimension - migrants concentrate in poor areas, discrimination in jobs
Defintion of multiple deprivation
Combination of social
, environmental and economic deprivation
Characteristics of inner city decline
- High population out migration figures
- Many boarded up shops
- Empty and derelict properties
- Closing of schools particularly primary, low levels of education
- High unemployment
- High crime, vandalism , graffiti rate
Causes of inner city decline
- Economic decline - deindustrialisation
- Population loss and social decline - migration of young affluent and more skilled
- Poor physical environment - low quality housing,vacant factories, vandalism, graffiti
- Political problem- low turnout in elections people feel rejected
Why people didn’t like living in inner city high rise developments
- Lacked community feel
- Poorly ventilated, suffered damp
- Expensive to heat
- Open spaces belonged to no one( not cared for,vandalised)
- Poor design - hidden places where criminal activity took place
How have governments being trying to regenerate declining urban areas
By having urban development corporations (property led regeneration)
City challenge partnership
21st century schemes
What are urban development corporations an example of
Property led regeneration
Why were urban development corporations set up
Take responsibility for physical,economic,and social regeneration of selected inner city areas with large amounts of derelict and vacant land
Key features of urban development corporations
- Encouraged to spend public money on purchase of land,building of infrastructure
- Had power to acquire,reclaim and service land prior to private sector involvement
- provided financial incentives to attract private investors
Criticisms of urban development corporations
- Some argued new amount of employment was inadequate
- They were too dependent on property speculation and lost huge sums of money through compulsory purchase of land that fell in value
- Democratic accountability removed,locals complained they had no involvement in developments taking place
Case study for urban development corporation
London Docklands development corporation
When did decline of London Docklands start?
1960s
Reasons for London Docklands decline in 1960s
Large vessels couldn’t access docks eg st Katherine dock
Competition from deepwater faculties at tilbury
Fewer jobs because of mechanisation
Decline of port industries
Unemployed accompanied by population decline
Poor housing
When did London Docklands development corporation start
1981
Successes : physical regeneration of LDDC
160 000 trees planted
17 conservation areas and Thames barrier park
Successes :social regeneration
8000 local authority homes refurbished
Owner occupied homes increased increased from 5% to 40%
Post 16 college and technology college built
National indoor sports centre opened
Surrey quays shopping centre
120 000 jobs generated , unemployment fell from 14.2% to 7.4%
Successes :economic regeneration
- Government funded isle of dogs enterprise zone encouraging private investment
- Accessibility improved - London city airport, DLR railway
- Office construction eg flagship Canary Wharf
- These developments attracted telegraph newspaper group
Limitations/criticisms of London Docklands development corporation
- Local resentment as locals has no say in developments
- Many of new high tech jobs attracted to area not suitable as people lacked essential skill
- Failed to bring wealth to locals
- Affluent yuppie newcomers pushed house prices beyond reach of original residents
- East London still suffers multiple deprivation - life expectancy drops by 9 yrs from central London and Stratford
What was city challenge
Regeneration initiative that had a new approach to funding and designed to address weaknesses of earlier regeneration schemes
Case study for city challenge partnership
Manchester, Hulme
Background - slum clearance of Manchester Hulme city challenge partnership
1960s redeveloped as part of slum clearance programme
High rise crescent flags with deck access were built
Out of 55000 dwellings 98% council owned
The city challenge partnership scheme for Manchester
Plans drawn up to build 3000 houses with new shopping areas, roads and community facilities
Organisations involved - Guinness trust, Manchester city council
£37.5 million investment
Social successes of Hulme city challenge partnership
Crime has been greatly reduced
600 new homes rebuilt
400 homes improved and refurbished
Community services established a community centre, Zion arts centre
Economic successes of Hulme city challenge partnership
Office development Michelin and uni of Manchester data centre
Redevelopment of main shopping centre and new Asda supermarket
Environmental successes of Hulme city challenge partnership
Green areas been developed eg birley fields is an urban parkland
Appearance of Hulme changed dramatically
Social limitation of city challenge partnership scheme Hulme
Hulme close to city centre so attracts lots of students that may cause friction with local residents
Economic limitations of city challenge partnership scheme Hulme
Competitive nature of scheme on the grounds that large sums of money should have been allocated according to need, not competitive advantage
Environmental limitations of Hulme city challenge partnership
Many buildings such as crescent buildings knocked down and many more being built eg Zion arts centre. Eye sore may be caused as Hulme may look a mess. City challenge partnership process a long one
Conclusion of LDDC
Successful at achieving aims of improving physical, social and economic environment by generating more jobs, bringing in more business, refurbishing homes. Locals can’t all share benefits due to being too expensive. Community polarised
Conclusion of Hulme city challenge partnership scheme
Quite successful overall in regenerating urban areas as combated decline and brought people back to the area. Still a few problems
Case study for sustainable communities urban new deal initiative
Greenwich millennium village,London
Aim of Greenwich Millennium village
Create a self contained and sustainable neighbourhood
English partnerships had responsibility for this and have invested over 200 million so far
Social successes of Greenwich millennium village sustainable community
- Services:primary schools,health centre, timber clad buildings which maximise daylight
- 14 screen UCI circular cinema complex and restaurants
- GMV is to expand until 2015 with an integrated village shopping and community centre
- 2008 - 1095 homes and village square with shops had been completed and 1843 planned
Environmental successes of Greenwich millennium village sustainable communities
- On 121 hectares of brownfield site
- Aims to cut primary energy use by 80% using low energy building techniques and renewable energy technologies.
- Importance of natural environment emphasised throughout development - 3 areas of parkland incl ecology park
- britains first low energy sainsburys
Social limitations of Greenwich millennium village sustainable community
- Lacks integrated transport system - infrequent 129 bus
- Cut off from surrounding traditional Edwardian and Victorian areas
- Early morning bottlenecks as well connected to Canary Wharf where most people work
- Few families seen “yuppie village”
Economic limitations of Greenwich millennium village sustainable community
Although planned to be self contained many residents work elsewhere
Conclusion of Greenwich millennium village sustainable community
Achievements: renovation of housing, training and apprenticeships by building companies, creation of affordable homes for locals, expanded range of shops, refurbishment of some housing block into secure,concierge monitored blocks for elderly.
Suggest scheme a success
