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A2 World Cities > Urban Decline and Regeneration Within Urban Areas > Flashcards

Urban Decline and Regeneration Within Urban Areas Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of urban decline/urban decay

A

When a decrease in economic activity in an urban area causes it to become run down usually takes place in part of a city. Population decreases, buildings abandoned, high unemployment

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2
Q

Why is there social segregation in cities

A
  • Housing - areas based on costs (wealth)
  • Changing environments- areas change over time,gentrification? , council houses improved
  • The ethnic dimension - migrants concentrate in poor areas, discrimination in jobs
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3
Q

Defintion of multiple deprivation

A

Combination of social

, environmental and economic deprivation

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4
Q

Characteristics of inner city decline

A
  • High population out migration figures
  • Many boarded up shops
  • Empty and derelict properties
  • Closing of schools particularly primary, low levels of education
  • High unemployment
  • High crime, vandalism , graffiti rate
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5
Q

Causes of inner city decline

A
  • Economic decline - deindustrialisation
  • Population loss and social decline - migration of young affluent and more skilled
  • Poor physical environment - low quality housing,vacant factories, vandalism, graffiti
  • Political problem- low turnout in elections people feel rejected
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6
Q

Why people didn’t like living in inner city high rise developments

A
  • Lacked community feel
  • Poorly ventilated, suffered damp
  • Expensive to heat
  • Open spaces belonged to no one( not cared for,vandalised)
  • Poor design - hidden places where criminal activity took place
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7
Q

How have governments being trying to regenerate declining urban areas

A

By having urban development corporations (property led regeneration)
City challenge partnership
21st century schemes

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8
Q

What are urban development corporations an example of

A

Property led regeneration

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9
Q

Why were urban development corporations set up

A

Take responsibility for physical,economic,and social regeneration of selected inner city areas with large amounts of derelict and vacant land

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10
Q

Key features of urban development corporations

A
  • Encouraged to spend public money on purchase of land,building of infrastructure
  • Had power to acquire,reclaim and service land prior to private sector involvement
  • provided financial incentives to attract private investors
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11
Q

Criticisms of urban development corporations

A
  • Some argued new amount of employment was inadequate
  • They were too dependent on property speculation and lost huge sums of money through compulsory purchase of land that fell in value
  • Democratic accountability removed,locals complained they had no involvement in developments taking place
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12
Q

Case study for urban development corporation

A

London Docklands development corporation

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13
Q

When did decline of London Docklands start?

A

1960s

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14
Q

Reasons for London Docklands decline in 1960s

A

Large vessels couldn’t access docks eg st Katherine dock
Competition from deepwater faculties at tilbury
Fewer jobs because of mechanisation
Decline of port industries
Unemployed accompanied by population decline
Poor housing

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15
Q

When did London Docklands development corporation start

A

1981

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16
Q

Successes : physical regeneration of LDDC

A

160 000 trees planted

17 conservation areas and Thames barrier park

17
Q

Successes :social regeneration

A

8000 local authority homes refurbished
Owner occupied homes increased increased from 5% to 40%
Post 16 college and technology college built
National indoor sports centre opened
Surrey quays shopping centre
120 000 jobs generated , unemployment fell from 14.2% to 7.4%

18
Q

Successes :economic regeneration

A
  • Government funded isle of dogs enterprise zone encouraging private investment
  • Accessibility improved - London city airport, DLR railway
  • Office construction eg flagship Canary Wharf
  • These developments attracted telegraph newspaper group
19
Q

Limitations/criticisms of London Docklands development corporation

A
  • Local resentment as locals has no say in developments
  • Many of new high tech jobs attracted to area not suitable as people lacked essential skill
  • Failed to bring wealth to locals
  • Affluent yuppie newcomers pushed house prices beyond reach of original residents
  • East London still suffers multiple deprivation - life expectancy drops by 9 yrs from central London and Stratford
20
Q

What was city challenge

A

Regeneration initiative that had a new approach to funding and designed to address weaknesses of earlier regeneration schemes

21
Q

Case study for city challenge partnership

A

Manchester, Hulme

22
Q

Background - slum clearance of Manchester Hulme city challenge partnership

A

1960s redeveloped as part of slum clearance programme
High rise crescent flags with deck access were built
Out of 55000 dwellings 98% council owned

23
Q

The city challenge partnership scheme for Manchester

A

Plans drawn up to build 3000 houses with new shopping areas, roads and community facilities
Organisations involved - Guinness trust, Manchester city council
£37.5 million investment

24
Q

Social successes of Hulme city challenge partnership

A

Crime has been greatly reduced
600 new homes rebuilt
400 homes improved and refurbished
Community services established a community centre, Zion arts centre

25
Q

Economic successes of Hulme city challenge partnership

A

Office development Michelin and uni of Manchester data centre
Redevelopment of main shopping centre and new Asda supermarket

26
Q

Environmental successes of Hulme city challenge partnership

A

Green areas been developed eg birley fields is an urban parkland
Appearance of Hulme changed dramatically

27
Q

Social limitation of city challenge partnership scheme Hulme

A

Hulme close to city centre so attracts lots of students that may cause friction with local residents

28
Q

Economic limitations of city challenge partnership scheme Hulme

A

Competitive nature of scheme on the grounds that large sums of money should have been allocated according to need, not competitive advantage

29
Q

Environmental limitations of Hulme city challenge partnership

A

Many buildings such as crescent buildings knocked down and many more being built eg Zion arts centre. Eye sore may be caused as Hulme may look a mess. City challenge partnership process a long one

30
Q

Conclusion of LDDC

A

Successful at achieving aims of improving physical, social and economic environment by generating more jobs, bringing in more business, refurbishing homes. Locals can’t all share benefits due to being too expensive. Community polarised

31
Q

Conclusion of Hulme city challenge partnership scheme

A

Quite successful overall in regenerating urban areas as combated decline and brought people back to the area. Still a few problems

32
Q

Case study for sustainable communities urban new deal initiative

A

Greenwich millennium village,London

33
Q

Aim of Greenwich Millennium village

A

Create a self contained and sustainable neighbourhood

English partnerships had responsibility for this and have invested over 200 million so far

34
Q

Social successes of Greenwich millennium village sustainable community

A
  • Services:primary schools,health centre, timber clad buildings which maximise daylight
  • 14 screen UCI circular cinema complex and restaurants
  • GMV is to expand until 2015 with an integrated village shopping and community centre
  • 2008 - 1095 homes and village square with shops had been completed and 1843 planned
35
Q

Environmental successes of Greenwich millennium village sustainable communities

A
  • On 121 hectares of brownfield site
  • Aims to cut primary energy use by 80% using low energy building techniques and renewable energy technologies.
  • Importance of natural environment emphasised throughout development - 3 areas of parkland incl ecology park
  • britains first low energy sainsburys
36
Q

Social limitations of Greenwich millennium village sustainable community

A
  • Lacks integrated transport system - infrequent 129 bus
  • Cut off from surrounding traditional Edwardian and Victorian areas
  • Early morning bottlenecks as well connected to Canary Wharf where most people work
  • Few families seen “yuppie village”
37
Q

Economic limitations of Greenwich millennium village sustainable community

A

Although planned to be self contained many residents work elsewhere

38
Q

Conclusion of Greenwich millennium village sustainable community

A

Achievements: renovation of housing, training and apprenticeships by building companies, creation of affordable homes for locals, expanded range of shops, refurbishment of some housing block into secure,concierge monitored blocks for elderly.
Suggest scheme a success

A2 World Cities (6 decks)

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