Contemporary Urbanisation Processes Flashcards
Causes of urban growth
Natural population growth
Rural-urban migration( can be divided to push and pull factors)
Push factors of rural to urban migration
Often due to poverty due to
Population growth -pressure on land ,over farming ,soil erosion
Agricultural problems
Local diseases and inadequate medical services
Land converting to cash crops
Natural disasters
Wars,civil unrest
Pull factors of rural to urban migration
Attract to urban areas
Employment in factories +service industries
Employment in informal sector eg transport
Better quality services
More reliable water supplies ,sanitation
Improved quality of life
What is the brown agenda
The mix of social and environmental problems brought about by rapid growth & industrialisation associated with economic development. Occurs in LEDWS
Causes of urbanisation case study
Delhi India push and pull factors
Push factors for Delhi causes of urbanisation
Agricultural problems from changes introduced by the government encouraging people to move from rural areas - econ
Population growth put pressure on land causing overfarming,soil erosion,low yield
Social pull factors for causes of urbanisation Delhi
Delhis literacy is higher than national rate of 66%
Many of Indians most respected university’s and research institutes are there eg uni of Delhi
Urbanisation case study for impacts
Kibera, Nairobi Kenya
Massive urban growth in recent years
Kibera social issues
- Average pop density +3000 person/ha
- Crime rates high
- Housing- makeshift shacks - materials to hand
- Half kiberas inhabitants are HIV positive , thousands abandoned children
Kibera economic issues
80% population unemployed most in informal sector jobs concentrated in Nairobi’s city centre many can’t afford transport and walk long distances to work
Kibera environmental issues
Narrow uneven unpaved roads inaccessible to vehicles
Kibera unplanned lacks basic infrastructure -open sewers 1mil use 600 pit latrines ,most have no piped water
No organised waste collection
Only 20% connected legally to electricity grid
Unsanitary - spread of waterborne diseases
What is a squatter settlement
Located on land not suitable to build on eg too steep, marshy ,too polluted,close to city centre and not built on
What are the 2 key elements to the brown agenda
- Traditional issues to do with limited availability of good quality land,shelter and services eg clean water
- problems resulting from rapid industrialisation eg hazardous waste ,water,air,noise pollition
Economic pull factors for causes of urbanisation Delhi
Wide range of employment opportunities
Light industrial centre +130009 industrial units
Fashion capital of India +60%of design community in Delhi
Centre of linked industries in chemicals and dyes
What is suburbanisation
Process leading to the outward growth of a town/city which may engulf surrounding villages and towns to create a larger urban agglomeration
Why is the demand for housing In the uk increasing
By 2021 the number of households would rise by %18
Increase in adult population accounts for 77%of growth in demand for households from change in age structure with ageing population
Changes in way people choose to live -divorces,later,marriage 71% of new households single people
Solutions for suburbanisation
- Increasing the number of people living in homes that already exist
- Building new houses on brownfield sites
- Allowing building in rural areas and small towns on land that has not been previously developed.
Main features of brownfield sites
Derelict sites in urban areas
Land available but costly reclaim/decontaminate
Housing -higher density- less demand for it as less fashionable
Small patches of land
Infrastructure present existing faculties become overloaded
Features of greenfield sites
New sites usually agricultural land
Land not available unless planning permission obtained
Housing low density in fashionable areas
Infrastructure costs high
Larger sites
Environment changed from rural- urban use
Causes and impact of urbanisation case study
Los Angeles
, California
Reasons for growth in Los Angeles
Transport- transcontinental railway,la airport
Employment-jobs eg mining took advantage of cities wealth offered thousands employment
Image - development of film industry, film theatre parks
Greater affluence -faster population growth sun belt of California
Problems resulting from LA’s suburbanisation
Suburbanisation Photochemical smog- 10 mill car owners Donut city and edges city Social segregation Water- dry climate water needs to be piped Waste - 50,00 tonnes Energy- power blackouts
LA’s suburbanisation plans for sustainable future
Clean up brownfield sites
Promote green fuel vehicles
Safe walkable neighbourhoods
Improve public transport
What is counter urbanisation
The movement of people from urban areas to smaller urban settlements and rural areas beyond the built up area
Re urbanisation definition
Movement of people back into city centre or inner city as part of the urban regeneration process
What are the 3 main processes leading to re urbanisation
Gentrification
Property led regeneration schemes
The move towards 21st century sustainable communities
What is gentrification
Process of housing improvement
Associated with a change in neighbourhood composition where low income groups are displaced by more affluent people usually in professional or managerial occupations
Carried out by individuals and not by supporting bodies
Gentrification case study one of the processes of reurbanisation
Notting hill ,London
Social positive impacts/consequences of gentrification in Notting hill
Social mix of area is changed and becomes more affluent
Increase in number of bars,restaurants and other higher status services
Positive economic impacts/consequences of gentrification in Notting hill
Purchasing power of residents is greater so there’s greater level of prosperity
Refurbishment means jobs are created in design, building work, furnishings and decoration
Positive environmental impacts/consequences of gentrification in Notting hill
The physical and built environment is improved
Economic negative impacts/consequences of gentrification in Notting hill
Local people on low incomes find it difficult to purchase housing
Locals may only be employed in low paid service sector jobs
Social negative impacts/consequences of gentrification in Notting hill
Size of privately rented sector diminishes so locals may be forced to move
Friction occurs between newcomers and original residents
Notting hill gentrification successes
Property prices rocketed - some more than up market Mayfair
Londons most desirable area for families
Several fasionable areas to eat - Veronica’s,lazy daisy cafe ,Sausage and mash pub
Portobello road street market
Hosts famous carnival
Limitations/problems of gentrification in Notting hill
Average standard of living is low
Serious litter problem
Some buildings covered in graffiti
Some parts over priced and overcrowded
