Contemporary Urbanisation Processes

Question 1

Causes of urban growth

Answer 1

Natural population growth

Rural-urban migration( can be divided to push and pull factors)

Question 2

Push factors of rural to urban migration

Often due to poverty due to

Answer 2

Population growth -pressure on land ,over farming ,soil erosion
Agricultural problems
Local diseases and inadequate medical services
Land converting to cash crops
Natural disasters
Wars,civil unrest

Question 3

Pull factors of rural to urban migration

Attract to urban areas

Answer 3

Employment in factories +service industries
Employment in informal sector eg transport
Better quality services
More reliable water supplies ,sanitation
Improved quality of life

Question 4

What is the brown agenda

Answer 4

The mix of social and environmental problems brought about by rapid growth & industrialisation associated with economic development. Occurs in LEDWS

Question 5

Causes of urbanisation case study

Answer 5

Delhi India push and pull factors

Question 6

Push factors for Delhi causes of urbanisation

Answer 6

Agricultural problems from changes introduced by the government encouraging people to move from rural areas - econ
Population growth put pressure on land causing overfarming,soil erosion,low yield

Question 7

Social pull factors for causes of urbanisation Delhi

Answer 7

Delhis literacy is higher than national rate of 66%

Many of Indians most respected university’s and research institutes are there eg uni of Delhi

Question 8

Urbanisation case study for impacts

Answer 8

Kibera, Nairobi Kenya

Massive urban growth in recent years

Question 9

Kibera social issues

Answer 9

• Average pop density +3000 person/ha
• Crime rates high
• Housing- makeshift shacks - materials to hand
• Half kiberas inhabitants are HIV positive , thousands abandoned children

Question 10

Kibera economic issues

Answer 10

80% population unemployed most in informal sector jobs concentrated in Nairobi’s city centre many can’t afford transport and walk long distances to work

Question 11

Kibera environmental issues

Answer 11

Narrow uneven unpaved roads inaccessible to vehicles
Kibera unplanned lacks basic infrastructure -open sewers 1mil use 600 pit latrines ,most have no piped water
No organised waste collection
Only 20% connected legally to electricity grid
Unsanitary - spread of waterborne diseases

Question 12

What is a squatter settlement

Answer 12

Located on land not suitable to build on eg too steep, marshy ,too polluted,close to city centre and not built on

Question 13

What are the 2 key elements to the brown agenda

Answer 13

• Traditional issues to do with limited availability of good quality land,shelter and services eg clean water
• problems resulting from rapid industrialisation eg hazardous waste ,water,air,noise pollition

Question 14

Economic pull factors for causes of urbanisation Delhi

Answer 14

Wide range of employment opportunities
Light industrial centre +130009 industrial units
Fashion capital of India +60%of design community in Delhi
Centre of linked industries in chemicals and dyes

Question 15

What is suburbanisation

Answer 15

Process leading to the outward growth of a town/city which may engulf surrounding villages and towns to create a larger urban agglomeration

Question 16

Why is the demand for housing In the uk increasing

By 2021 the number of households would rise by %18

Answer 16

Increase in adult population accounts for 77%of growth in demand for households from change in age structure with ageing population
Changes in way people choose to live -divorces,later,marriage 71% of new households single people

Question 17

Solutions for suburbanisation

Answer 17

• Increasing the number of people living in homes that already exist
• Building new houses on brownfield sites
• Allowing building in rural areas and small towns on land that has not been previously developed.

Question 18

Main features of brownfield sites

Answer 18

Derelict sites in urban areas
Land available but costly reclaim/decontaminate
Housing -higher density- less demand for it as less fashionable
Small patches of land
Infrastructure present existing faculties become overloaded

Question 19

Features of greenfield sites

Answer 19

New sites usually agricultural land
Land not available unless planning permission obtained
Housing low density in fashionable areas
Infrastructure costs high
Larger sites
Environment changed from rural- urban use

Question 20

Causes and impact of urbanisation case study

Answer 20

Los Angeles

, California

Question 21

Reasons for growth in Los Angeles

Answer 21

Transport- transcontinental railway,la airport
Employment-jobs eg mining took advantage of cities wealth offered thousands employment
Image - development of film industry, film theatre parks
Greater affluence -faster population growth sun belt of California

Question 22

Problems resulting from LA’s suburbanisation

Answer 22

Suburbanisation
Photochemical smog- 10 mill car owners 
Donut city and edges city 
Social segregation 
Water- dry climate water needs to be piped 
Waste - 50,00 tonnes
Energy- power blackouts

Question 23

LA’s suburbanisation plans for sustainable future

Answer 23

Clean up brownfield sites
Promote green fuel vehicles
Safe walkable neighbourhoods
Improve public transport

Question 24

What is counter urbanisation

Answer 24

The movement of people from urban areas to smaller urban settlements and rural areas beyond the built up area

Question 25

Re urbanisation definition

Answer 25

Movement of people back into city centre or inner city as part of the urban regeneration process

Question 26

What are the 3 main processes leading to re urbanisation

Answer 26

Gentrification
Property led regeneration schemes
The move towards 21st century sustainable communities

Question 27

What is gentrification

Answer 27

Process of housing improvement
Associated with a change in neighbourhood composition where low income groups are displaced by more affluent people usually in professional or managerial occupations
Carried out by individuals and not by supporting bodies

Question 28

Gentrification case study one of the processes of reurbanisation

Answer 28

Notting hill ,London

Question 29

Social positive impacts/consequences of gentrification in Notting hill

Answer 29

Social mix of area is changed and becomes more affluent

Increase in number of bars,restaurants and other higher status services

Question 30

Positive economic impacts/consequences of gentrification in Notting hill

Answer 30

Purchasing power of residents is greater so there’s greater level of prosperity
Refurbishment means jobs are created in design, building work, furnishings and decoration

Question 31

Positive environmental impacts/consequences of gentrification in Notting hill

Answer 31

The physical and built environment is improved

Question 32

Economic negative impacts/consequences of gentrification in Notting hill

Answer 32

Local people on low incomes find it difficult to purchase housing
Locals may only be employed in low paid service sector jobs

Question 33

Social negative impacts/consequences of gentrification in Notting hill

Answer 33

Size of privately rented sector diminishes so locals may be forced to move
Friction occurs between newcomers and original residents

Question 34

Notting hill gentrification successes

Answer 34

Property prices rocketed - some more than up market Mayfair
Londons most desirable area for families
Several fasionable areas to eat - Veronica’s,lazy daisy cafe ,Sausage and mash pub
Portobello road street market
Hosts famous carnival

Question 35

Limitations/problems of gentrification in Notting hill

Answer 35

Average standard of living is low
Serious litter problem
Some buildings covered in graffiti
Some parts over priced and overcrowded