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Citizenship > Urban citizenship > Flashcards

Urban citizenship Flashcards

1
Q

How can citizenship be divided into two frameworkd?

A
  1. Historical/legal: rights and responsibilities

2. Everyday acts at multiple scales - conflicts with the state

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2
Q

Who has highlighted the role of actions, not status for citizenship?

A

Isin and Nielson 2008 - about deeds and acts

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3
Q

What are 3 frameworks for studying citizenship in cities?

A
  1. Acts (Isin and Nielson 2008)
  2. Ordinary (Staeheli et al 2012)
  3. Disjunctive (Holston and Caldeira 1998)
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4
Q

Why is disjunctive citizenship different from ordinary and active/everyday frameworks?

A

Draws attention away from everyday (linking with legal for ordinary) to how social/economic structures result in uneven access to rights

(See Holston and Caldeira 1998)

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5
Q

What does disjunctive citizenship (Holston and Caldeira 1998) link to?

A

Chatterjee’s Politics of the Governed

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6
Q

How can citizenship interact with property ownership?

A

Homeless citizens in the US are not seen as civic - property determines who is a citizen

Roy 2003

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7
Q

How does property and land play a role in citizenship?

A
  • Roy 2003 and having property to be a citizen in the US
  • Fenley 2021 role of home in Covid lockdowns UK
  • Access to public spaces
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8
Q

What is civil society, according to Chatterjee (2004)?

A

Citizens who have formal (private) property

Compares to “populations” who live in informality

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9
Q

What are the implications of being a “citizen”, according to Chatterjee (2004)?

A

You receive more mobility, can participate and are included more in the democratic process

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10
Q

How does Apartheid South Africa compare to politics of the governed in India?

A

Apartheid involved much more formal segregation based on race, whereas property determines inclusivity in India

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11
Q

What has happened to citizenship participation in post-Apartheid South Africa?

A
  • The impacts of segregation have persisted even though the country became democratic
  • Neither is it entirely down to formal state politics - the bill of rights is v progressive
  • Just hasn’t materialised (see Klein 2007 on neoliberal coercion)
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12
Q

Why is security and privatisation of streets in Sao Paulo a problem for citizenship?

A
  • Divides civil society through segregation based on property
  • Entrenches crime and hostility through private property and surveillance

Caldeira 2000

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13
Q

Does the privatisation of space only affect civic life through divisions?

A

No, more than just physical segregation (Hook and Vrdoljak 2002)

  • Also less participation
  • Changes to responsibility (taxes for municipalities - see Klein 2007)
  • Different lives and experiences either side of walls
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14
Q

Why are the implications of privatisation of (urban) space important?

A

Makes us question the inclusivity and usefulness of studying citizenship and the formal level

(see Staeheli et al 2012 Ordinary citizenship for link between everyday and legal citizenship frameworks)

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15
Q

How does the privatisation of rural spaces reflect the conflict between everyday and legal citizenship?

A
  • Country is tied to the nation state (Williams 1973)
  • So if the country becomes a privileged landscape, many people are denied to access what is synonymous with nationhood and citizenship - are they really citizens?
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16
Q

Why is the state reluctant to crack down on gated communities in S Africa (and probably elsewhere)?

A

Many residents are key taxpayers (although quite how this relates to the crackdowns idk…)

17
Q

How can citizenship be empowering despite adversity in urban areas?

A

Holston’s Insurgent citizenship (2008)

18
Q

What does Chatterjee’s analysis of exclusions from politics and participation highlight about citizenship?

A

It is oxymoronic - only some people receive formal rights and responsibilities

19
Q

What is the problem with Holston’s Insurgent Citizenship concept (2008)?

A
  • What happens when power of the many is taken away?

- What about the production of space?

20
Q

How does Insurgent Citizenship (Holston 2011) link to the urban?

A

It is entrenched in the urban, so links to Lefebvre’s (1970) right to the city

21
Q

Why are urban spaces important to citizenship?

A

Streets are democratic places for protests and demonstrations (Barnett and Low 2004)

22
Q

Why is urban citizenship especially important in the contemporary context?

A

We now live in an urban world - offers opportunities and problems

23
Q

How has urban governance changed?

A
  • Moves away from the state with neoliberalism
  • Links much more with separation and non-elites excluded (Chatterjee 2004)

See Swngedouw 2005

24
Q

Who highlighted the economic value of the “informal economy”? Why is it important to citizenship?

A
  • Hart 1985
  • Trade and production of petty commodities
  • Can romanticise informality and disjunctive forms of citizenship
25
Q

What does Lefebvre’s (1970) Urban revolution tell us about urban processes?

A
  • By conceptualising (hypothesising) a completely urban world, we can remove the ambiguity different urban societies had
  • Highlights what it means to be (or not to be) urban….

Lefebvre 1970 [2003]

26
Q

Where does “the urban” mean?

A
  • Urban phenomenon - processes and factors unique to urban spaces (Lefebvre 1970)
  • Urban society too
27
Q

What did Lefebvre say were “the consequences to eliminating the street”?

A

“the extinction of life, the reduction of the city to a dormitory, the aberrant functionalization of existence” Lefebvre 1970 [2003]

28
Q

Why does crime increase when the street disapears?

A

People feel more hostile, they are disconnected, property becomes privatised further

Fewer people on the street to be vigilant of each other (why are we so opposed to the idea of a panopticon? c.f. Foucault 1975)

Lefebvre 1970; Jacobs 1961

29
Q

Is the street always antagonistic to the private spaces of cities?

A

No

  • A lot of overlap
  • Street has slowly become more of a mediocre space for passage, not for communication and talk
  • Time has extended beyond the workplace (c.f. Thompson 1967) into the street - time is now SPENT in the street…

Lefebvre 1970

30
Q

How could seeing cities differently aid an understanding of urban citizenship?

A

Cities as a process, not as a thing (Harvey 1978; Lefebvre 1970)

As a process, people are caught up in conflicts between use and exchange value / rights, with some (or even many, as with public space) people excluded

31
Q

How are time and space related in the city?

A
  • Space is produced over time
  • Good links to the privatisation of urban space (including during austerity…)
  • To see cities as static is a misinterpretation and will not provide useful understanding
  • Citizenship (often seen as static) is at odds with a changing territory of the city

Harvey 2000; Lefebvre 1970

32
Q

Are exclusions in space natural?

A

No

  • Only if physically divided would this be the case
  • Links to Lefebvre (1974) and how space is a social construct
  • Property and borders demarcate space; lead to exclusions of people

Fuchs 2018

33
Q

What is good about Staeheli’s (20030 “urban citizenship? What does it inadvertently overlook?

A
  • Citizenship as a matter of community belonging
  • Not static, but relational, so everyday citizenship changes
  • But failed to highlight Lefebvre (1970) idea of city as a process - static citizenship is at odds with this, so is also a process!

Citizenship (8 decks)

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