Citizenship and public spaces Flashcards
What are invited and invented citizenships?
Invited = for participation led by elites, for elites (c.f. Swngedouw 2005)
Invented = for counter-hegemonic use of spaces
Both are from the grassroots
Miraftab 2004
Does urbanisation guarantee citizenship?
No, if anything it erodes it -example of displacement because of slum gentrification and production of space in Delhi (Ghertner 2011)
How can “invented spaces” (Cornwall 2004) be appropriated by elites?
In Bhagidari slum elites have a say in policies and the production of space
Ghertner 2011
What are gated communities in Sao Paulo called?
Condominios Fechados (Caldiera 2000)
How did Lefebvre conceptualise space?
- Capitalism role
- Role of use values and leisure should be prioritised over exchange value
Zieleniec 2018
Why is a right through the city a useful framework?
- Acknowledges that the city is the main site of citizenship
- Also allows for a right to rights (the latter being the city)
Blokland 2015
How can the effects of privatisation of public space on citizenship extend beyond the areas affected?
- New territories can be created within the nation state
- Have their own agendas, rights and responsibilities
- Spaces outside exclusionary territories are overlooked
Dirsuweit 2006; Low 2008; also Klein 2007
Give 3 examples of hybrid spaces?
- Publicly owned, but private access
- Privately owned but publically accessible sometimes
- Skywalks, subways, shopping malls
Nissen 2008
How can spaces be exclusionary even when ostensibly public?
- Hostile architecture with “prickly plants” and benches
- Discursively through creating specific clientele
Nissen 2008
Does the privatisation of cities “just happen”?
No, “It is promoted and steered” Nissen 2008
Links to neoliberalism
Why is public space important to cities?
“It is partly what makes cities”
Give 3 examples of hybrid spaces?
- Publicly owned, but private access
- Privately owned but publically accessible sometimes
- Skywalks, subways, shopping malls
Nissen 2008
How can spaces be exclusionary even when ostensibly public?
- Hostile architecture with “prickly plants” and benches
- Discursively through creating specific CLIENTELE
Nissen 2008
Does the privatisation of cities “just happen”?
No, “It is promoted and steered” Nissen 2008
Links to neoliberalism
How does the privatisation of urban space fit in within a wider framework of urban citizenship?
- On the one hand citizenship has become more nationalist (nation-ess)
- Also more localised - differences and territories (? Low 2008)
- The two could well be connected through the city
Holston 1999
DRAWS ATTENTION TO THE CITY AS A SITE OF CITIZENSHIP
Why might privatisation of public spaces not be inherently bad?
- Private spaces can still be accessible to many people
- (yet often many groups and individuals are excluded)
- Often critical work is theoretical as a result, especially in the Northern Context
Devereux and Littlefield 2017
What is “heterotropia”?
A Foucauldian argument for the “other place” in cities
Low 2008
How does Low 2008 conceptualise gated communities?
“The gated community represents one version of the ultimate dwelling in a postcivil society”
Tribal through? - precivil society similarities
How does the privatisation of urban space fit in within a wider framework of urban citizenship?
- On the one hand citizenship has become more nationalist
- Also more localised - differences and territories (? Low 2008)
- The two could well be connected through the city
Holston 1999
In what contexts does property determine citizenship?
- US property (Kabeer 2002; Roy 2003)
- The land and the legal combine
Can exclusions through private property become normalised?
Yes, as Painter and Philo 1995 point out
How can privatisation of space affect how citizenship is enacted?
- Present in private spaces (legally), but “remain in effect spatially invisible non-citizens”
- Being “out of place in public spaces”
What is ordinary citizenship?
Links everyday citizenship with clashes with legal status
Staeheli et al 2012
How does the creation of automatic outsiders in private spaces of cities link to wider exclusions?
- Some people presented as not belonging in a space
- Corresponds with exclusions from the nation state
- Do gated communities embody institutionalised racism and classism?
Cladeira 2000
Does the privatisation of space only have localised physical effects?
No, also broader effects by disrupting participation in civil life
Hook and Vrdoljak 2002
How do the wider societal effects of privatisation justifying less civil participation (inc taxes) link to civil society?
- During neoliberalism the state is curtailed
- So places are more dependent on civil societies and municipalities
- New elite territories have their own agendas, at the detriment of elsewhere
Hook and Vrdoljak 2002; Klein 2007
How has the rise of security affected citizenship?
- Some people live secure lives in gated communities, but not elsewhere
- A “world of suburban Green Zones”
Klein 2007
What was the first gated community to gain municipality status in Atlanta? Why is it significant?
Sandy Springs in 2005
- Municipalities collect and spend their own taxes
- Areas outside of municipality “enclaves” have not received funding, destroying the public hospital and transit system
Who highlighted that splitting people into public and private spheres is detrimental?
Marx
What does insurgent citizenship aim to do?
Overthrow order so that disjunctive citizenship stops
Holston 2007
What are the two broad ways of privatising space?
- Economically through the production of space (Harvey 2009)
- Socially through gated communities - focus for essays
How can new forms of citizenship emerge despite the privatisation of urban space?
- From within enclaves (Low 2008)
- From insurgent citizenship outside (Holston 2007)
What is the 3 phase structure for an essay on the privatisation of space?
- Divisions through physical aspects
- Opportunities for galvanisation of citizenship within divisions (and critique romanisation)
- Wider societal effects beyond physical divisions
What is an added benefit of insurgent citizenship?
- Not simply about creating new forms of citizenship within excluded spaces
- Also creates a revanchist form of citizenship to destabilise the hegemonic urban order
- Reduces the power of the elites by mobilising the masses
Is this always the case?
Holston 2007
What is a major issue with new forms of citizenship emerging within divided spaces?
In enclaves residents often seek to minimise their obligations to the maintenance of the private space
Low 2008
How can displacement from gated communities displace citizens from state support?
- Wider neoliberal approaches to favouring those who are valuable to the market economy (Ghertner 2011)
- Elites in private spaces become citizens, but those not in private spaces are just populations (Chatterjee 2004)
Does the privatisation of space on its own always undermine citizenship?
NO, but when combined with wider neoliberal ideologies, the impacts are more intense, widespread and ubiquitous
What is ironic about the privatisation of urban space and the creation of new territories?
- Reverted back to a form of tribal communalism (fiefdoms)
- Serve only the tribe’s interest at the detriment of those outside the tribe
- Ballardian
Alsayyad and Roy 2006
What is the trouble with insurgent acts of citizenship decentring the (nation-) state?
- State is still important in deciding who is (more of) a citizen
- In some ways why does it matter, if the state didn’t care to begin with?
- Need to reflect on how it is creating a disjunctive civil society marked by anarchist territories in a way which is not anarchist because the nation state still has power!
Almost defeatist really
