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Citizenship > Citizenship and public spaces > Flashcards

Citizenship and public spaces Flashcards

1
Q

What are invited and invented citizenships?

A

Invited = for participation led by elites, for elites (c.f. Swngedouw 2005)

Invented = for counter-hegemonic use of spaces

Both are from the grassroots

Miraftab 2004

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2
Q

Does urbanisation guarantee citizenship?

A

No, if anything it erodes it -example of displacement because of slum gentrification and production of space in Delhi (Ghertner 2011)

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3
Q

How can “invented spaces” (Cornwall 2004) be appropriated by elites?

A

In Bhagidari slum elites have a say in policies and the production of space

Ghertner 2011

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4
Q

What are gated communities in Sao Paulo called?

A

Condominios Fechados (Caldiera 2000)

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5
Q

How did Lefebvre conceptualise space?

A
  • Capitalism role
  • Role of use values and leisure should be prioritised over exchange value

Zieleniec 2018

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6
Q

Why is a right through the city a useful framework?

A
  • Acknowledges that the city is the main site of citizenship
  • Also allows for a right to rights (the latter being the city)

Blokland 2015

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7
Q

How can the effects of privatisation of public space on citizenship extend beyond the areas affected?

A
  • New territories can be created within the nation state
  • Have their own agendas, rights and responsibilities
  • Spaces outside exclusionary territories are overlooked

Dirsuweit 2006; Low 2008; also Klein 2007

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8
Q

Give 3 examples of hybrid spaces?

A
  1. Publicly owned, but private access
  2. Privately owned but publically accessible sometimes
  3. Skywalks, subways, shopping malls

Nissen 2008

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9
Q

How can spaces be exclusionary even when ostensibly public?

A
  • Hostile architecture with “prickly plants” and benches
  • Discursively through creating specific clientele

Nissen 2008

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10
Q

Does the privatisation of cities “just happen”?

A

No, “It is promoted and steered” Nissen 2008

Links to neoliberalism

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11
Q

Why is public space important to cities?

A

“It is partly what makes cities”

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12
Q

Give 3 examples of hybrid spaces?

A
  1. Publicly owned, but private access
  2. Privately owned but publically accessible sometimes
  3. Skywalks, subways, shopping malls

Nissen 2008

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13
Q

How can spaces be exclusionary even when ostensibly public?

A
  • Hostile architecture with “prickly plants” and benches
  • Discursively through creating specific CLIENTELE

Nissen 2008

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14
Q

Does the privatisation of cities “just happen”?

A

No, “It is promoted and steered” Nissen 2008

Links to neoliberalism

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15
Q

How does the privatisation of urban space fit in within a wider framework of urban citizenship?

A
  • On the one hand citizenship has become more nationalist (nation-ess)
  • Also more localised - differences and territories (? Low 2008)
  • The two could well be connected through the city

Holston 1999

DRAWS ATTENTION TO THE CITY AS A SITE OF CITIZENSHIP

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16
Q

Why might privatisation of public spaces not be inherently bad?

A
  • Private spaces can still be accessible to many people
  • (yet often many groups and individuals are excluded)
  • Often critical work is theoretical as a result, especially in the Northern Context

Devereux and Littlefield 2017

17
Q

What is “heterotropia”?

A

A Foucauldian argument for the “other place” in cities

Low 2008

18
Q

How does Low 2008 conceptualise gated communities?

A

“The gated community represents one version of the ultimate dwelling in a postcivil society”

Tribal through? - precivil society similarities

19
Q

How does the privatisation of urban space fit in within a wider framework of urban citizenship?

A
  • On the one hand citizenship has become more nationalist
  • Also more localised - differences and territories (? Low 2008)
  • The two could well be connected through the city

Holston 1999

20
Q

In what contexts does property determine citizenship?

A
  • US property (Kabeer 2002; Roy 2003)

- The land and the legal combine

21
Q

Can exclusions through private property become normalised?

A

Yes, as Painter and Philo 1995 point out

22
Q

How can privatisation of space affect how citizenship is enacted?

A
  • Present in private spaces (legally), but “remain in effect spatially invisible non-citizens”
  • Being “out of place in public spaces”
23
Q

What is ordinary citizenship?

A

Links everyday citizenship with clashes with legal status

Staeheli et al 2012

24
Q

How does the creation of automatic outsiders in private spaces of cities link to wider exclusions?

A
  • Some people presented as not belonging in a space
  • Corresponds with exclusions from the nation state
  • Do gated communities embody institutionalised racism and classism?

Cladeira 2000

25
Q

Does the privatisation of space only have localised physical effects?

A

No, also broader effects by disrupting participation in civil life

Hook and Vrdoljak 2002

26
Q

How do the wider societal effects of privatisation justifying less civil participation (inc taxes) link to civil society?

A
  • During neoliberalism the state is curtailed
  • So places are more dependent on civil societies and municipalities
  • New elite territories have their own agendas, at the detriment of elsewhere

Hook and Vrdoljak 2002; Klein 2007

27
Q

How has the rise of security affected citizenship?

A
  • Some people live secure lives in gated communities, but not elsewhere
  • A “world of suburban Green Zones”

Klein 2007

28
Q

What was the first gated community to gain municipality status in Atlanta? Why is it significant?

A

Sandy Springs in 2005

  • Municipalities collect and spend their own taxes
  • Areas outside of municipality “enclaves” have not received funding, destroying the public hospital and transit system
29
Q

Who highlighted that splitting people into public and private spheres is detrimental?

A

Marx

30
Q

What does insurgent citizenship aim to do?

A

Overthrow order so that disjunctive citizenship stops

Holston 2007

31
Q

What are the two broad ways of privatising space?

A
  1. Economically through the production of space (Harvey 2009)
  2. Socially through gated communities - focus for essays
32
Q

How can new forms of citizenship emerge despite the privatisation of urban space?

A
  • From within enclaves (Low 2008)

- From insurgent citizenship outside (Holston 2007)

33
Q

What is the 3 phase structure for an essay on the privatisation of space?

A
  1. Divisions through physical aspects
  2. Opportunities for galvanisation of citizenship within divisions (and critique romanisation)
  3. Wider societal effects beyond physical divisions
34
Q

What is an added benefit of insurgent citizenship?

A
  • Not simply about creating new forms of citizenship within excluded spaces
  • Also creates a revanchist form of citizenship to destabilise the hegemonic urban order
  • Reduces the power of the elites by mobilising the masses

Is this always the case?
Holston 2007

35
Q

What is a major issue with new forms of citizenship emerging within divided spaces?

A

In enclaves residents often seek to minimise their obligations to the maintenance of the private space

Low 2008

36
Q

How can displacement from gated communities displace citizens from state support?

A
  • Wider neoliberal approaches to favouring those who are valuable to the market economy (Ghertner 2011)
  • Elites in private spaces become citizens, but those not in private spaces are just populations (Chatterjee 2004)
37
Q

Does the privatisation of space on its own always undermine citizenship?

A

NO, but when combined with wider neoliberal ideologies, the impacts are more intense, widespread and ubiquitous

38
Q

What is ironic about the privatisation of urban space and the creation of new territories?

A
  • Reverted back to a form of tribal communalism (fiefdoms)
  • Serve only the tribe’s interest at the detriment of those outside the tribe
  • Ballardian

Alsayyad and Roy 2006

39
Q

What is the trouble with insurgent acts of citizenship decentring the (nation-) state?

A
  • State is still important in deciding who is (more of) a citizen
  • In some ways why does it matter, if the state didn’t care to begin with?
  • Need to reflect on how it is creating a disjunctive civil society marked by anarchist territories in a way which is not anarchist because the nation state still has power!

Almost defeatist really

Citizenship (8 decks)

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