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Citizenship > Global citizenship > Flashcards

Global citizenship Flashcards

1
Q

Who said that cities are the solution to the future?

A

Ada Colau 2016 (Mayor of Barcelona)

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2
Q

What is a less obvious way in which cities are important in a global world?

A

Planetary urbanisation (Brenner 2013)

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3
Q

How do cities interact with the state and citizenship?

A
  • State = sovereign, thus of paramount importance
  • City is the arena of substantive citizenship practices
  • Yet does this make the city politically distinct from the nation state?
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4
Q

How are cities important to citizenship contestations?

A

Capital

  • Made elsewhere
  • Flows across and between borders and cities

Appadurai 1993

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5
Q

What is a cultural consequence of globalisation in cities?

A

“A global sense of place” (Massey 1994)

  • Belonging is multifaceted
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6
Q

How is “Global Citizenship” usually seen?

A

In the economic context (Purcell 2003)

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7
Q

In what ways is an increasingly global influence on citizenship complicated?

A
  • Opportunities for some
  • Barriers for others

Sassen 2005

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8
Q

What is an issue with Young 1999 to redistribute power by rewarding more citizenship rights to those historically marginalised?

A
  • What about mixed race?
  • Also only creates a form of reward for past exploitation, without accounting for how similar exploitation continues today
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9
Q

Are urban economic theories universally applicable?

A

No, they are Eurocentric and essentialised (Lopez de Souza 2010)

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10
Q

Did the UN Habitat III (2016) include the Right to the City in the agenda?

A

No, it was vetoed by US and China

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11
Q

Give an example of a contemporary appropriation of Lefebvre’s right to the city

A
  • World Urban Forum 2022
  • Made Lefebvre’s ideas capitalist (e.g. microfinance loans)
  • No political context to rights to the city
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12
Q

In what general ways is the right to the city idea problematic?

A
  • Epistemological and ontological issues
  • Western, liberal (?) and white focus
  • Ambivalence to gender
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13
Q

How is segregation reflected in the city?

A
  • If you are excluded from the city, a segregated society is created
  • Physical space reflects the exclusions and segregations (Dikec 2001)
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14
Q

Why is integration not always brilliant?

A

If integrated into markets, then integration can be unequal because opportunities cannot be realised by many

(Samara et al 2012)

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15
Q

How can property be exploited for use value over exchange value?

A
  • Squatting in empty buildings and homes
  • Acts of citizenship and performing property
  • Lefebvre in the most radical context

Vasudevan 2017

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16
Q

What are three critiques and alternatives to the right the city?

A
  1. Race - Blackpolis (Alves 2018)
  2. Gender (Fenster 2005)
  3. Migrants (McNevin 2006)
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17
Q

What is an issue with alternatives to the right to the city?

A
  • Should be used to decentre, NOT recentre the right to the city thesis
  • Rights focus moves too much away from capital
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18
Q

How are migrants excluded informally within the city?

A
  • As “immanent outsiders” (McNevin 2006)

- Links to Dikec (2001) Banlieues

19
Q

How does De Genova 2017 conceptualise the Mediterranean?

A
  • Europe’s “deathscape” (De Genova 2017)
  • At the periphery, outside Europe
  • Supposedly not Europe’s problem
20
Q

Why does the nation state come into conflict with transnational migration?

A

People who are not part of the nation state should be excluded through immigration control (links to race and citizenship)

21
Q

Why is it ironic that (and thus viewed as necessary for) Europe to exclude outsiders?

A
  • Neoliberal capitalism
  • Should allow for migration to take place
  • Also about how people want a right to where the capital they (might’ve) helped make ends up
22
Q

What is the epicentre of the nation state vs neoliberal capitalist globalisation conflict?

A

Borders (Mezzandra and Neilson 2013)

23
Q

What underlies exclusion from Europe?

A

Race, especially whiteness - an imagined community

Lombardi-Diop 2021

24
Q

How do borders reify the human condition?

A
  • Makes people illegal

- Nobody is inherently an illegal person, borders turn them into illegal people

25
Q

How can bordering occur internally as well as at the periphery of Fortress Europe?

A

Internally with migrant camps as “exceptional spaces” (Agamben 1998)

26
Q

Where are Europe’s borders?

A

1) At the violent periphery

2) Within, internal borders of camps

27
Q

Are camps really exceptional spaces?

A

Sigona 2015 says that they are not - too easily romanticising them?

28
Q

How does fortress Europe reflect urban processes?

A

Exclusions and surveillance

29
Q

How could “Fortress Europe” link to the Shock Doctrine?

A

The rise of security / arms dealers and the securitisation of everyday life

Klein 2007; Ahmed and Tondo 2021

30
Q

What is significant about camps?

A
  • Urban spaces and cities (Sanyal 2012)
  • Loaded with temporality and temporariness

Grbac 2013

31
Q

What proportion of refugees are in camps?

A

56% (UNHCR 2011)

32
Q

Is everyone equally mobile?

A

No, some are more mobile than others (Kofman 1995; Ong 2006)

Link to Katz space-time expansion vs compression for a minority

33
Q

Is Fortress Europe a new term?

A

No, Kofman 1995 wrote about it

34
Q

Where is biopolitical border control occuring?

A

Melilla (Johnson and Jones 2018)

35
Q

What is Westphalian Sovereignty?

A

The nation state (including “natural” inhabitants) is the most important component of territory

(Johnson and Jones 2018)

36
Q

What is the fundamental method used to exert biopower in migrant exclusions at the margins?

A

Dehumanisation

Johnson and Jones 2018

37
Q

Are borders becoming more blurred to facilitate dubious means of excluding outsiders?

A

Franke et 2003 think so

But what about borders becoming more defined and obvious?

38
Q

Does Melilla provide many economic opportunities for Spain?

A

Not really

  • Unemployment is at ~30%
  • Really for biopolitical and geopolitical reasons

Johnson and Jones 2018

39
Q

What is the problem with McNevin 2006 “immediate outsiders” framework?

A

Exclusion at (or even beyond, in the case of Melilla) the Margins of Europe creates ‘distant’ outsiders

c.f. Johnson and Jones 2018

40
Q

What is significant about the “left to die boat”?

A

Currents weaponised to utilise a natural border of Europe - disguises the real hard borders

41
Q

What is a compelling reason to not view camps as exceptional?

A

Dikeç (2001) has pointed towards how de facto citizenship does not correspond with legal status – it is a political identity

So makes illegality - need to move beyond this through inclusion

42
Q

What does immigration control often inadvertently highlight?

A

Who should not be in (racially etc)

43
Q

In what other ways does globalised capital have with citizenship when it comes to hypermobility?

A
  • The wealth defence industry
  • Undermines the moral basis for welfare states with less tax revenues
  • Also means that they get away with the extra “privilege” of having to pay less tax…

Citizenship (8 decks)

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