Urban Change Flashcards
What was the scheme that took place in 1979 to the 1990s that used funding to restore derelict areas?
UDCs - Urban Development Corporations
What were the first UDCs established and when?
London Docklands in 1981.
What were the 4 main aims of the London Docklands UDC?
To attract new businesses.
Improve the environment.
Create jobs
Build new housing.
Between 1981 and 1998, how many new homes were built? LD UDC
50,000 new houses for professionals.
Between 1981 and 1998, how many jobs were created? LD UDC
85,000-100k jobs created
What else was built as part of the corporation?
New schools
Parks
Community facilities
By 1993, how many UDCs were established?
12 new UDCS
Why were the UDCs criticised?
For ignoring the needs of local residents.
What are 2 examples of needs of local residents?
Affordable housing
Suitable jobs
What was the scheme that was set up in 1981 to present?
Enterprise Zones
Where were Enterprise Zones established?
In areas with high unemployment.
What was the aim of EZs?
To attract start-up companies to create jobs.
By 1990, how many companies were housed in EZs?
Over 5000 companies
What was a disadvantage of the EZs?
Tax reductions encouraged many existing companies to move.
What was the scheme that was set up in 1991-1997?
City Challenge
What was the City Challenge scheme?
Where local authorities competed for government funding to regenerate deprived urban areas.
What did CC do?
Worked with local community to improve environment of the area.
What was a criticism of the CC scheme?
Many areas didn’t receive funding.
By 1997, how many jobs were created? CC
Over 50,000 jobs
By 1997, how many houses were improved? CC
40,000 houses improved
What was the scheme that was in 2010 till present?
Partnership schemes
What is a partnership scheme?
When government works with private companies to provide financial support.
What was the aim of the partnership scheme?
To improve physical, economic and social conditions in deprived areas.
Example of Partnership scheme?
Liverpool
Name 3 regeneration schemes used by the UK government since 1979.
City Challenge
UDCs
Enterprise Zones
Example of a place where CC took place?
Hulme, Manchester
Give 1 economic reason why people might want to move from rural areas to urban areas.
Better job opportunities which are often better paid.
When did the UDCs get established in LD?
1981
What were the 3 main aims for UDCs?
Attract new businesses
Improve local environment
Create jobs
What did the LD regeneration help London become?
Premier world city
How much was spent to improve schools, parks and community facilities?
20 million
Why were the UDCs criticised?
For ignoring the needs of local residents and there is still significant deprivation
Why did the Docklands need regenerating?
Left to decay due to a loss of trade
How high was unemployment when the Docklands were lost?
21% - 30k jobs were lost between 1970-1980
What opened in 1987 which cost £73 million?
Docklands Light Railways - DLR
When did the City Challenge scheme start?
1990s
What was the main aim for CC?
To regenerate deprived urban areas by local authorities competing for funding from government
How many jobs did CC create?
50k jobs
How many houses were improved due to CC?
40k houses
How much did Hulme receive in funding?
£37.5 million
Why was CC criticised?
Because other areas were left out because their bid wasn’t accepted
What got demolished in Hulme?
The Crescents
How many houses were built where the Crescents were?
3000 houses built
What did CC encourage?
Investment
When was City Deals established?
2011-Present
How many deals were agreed for cities to take responsibility?
26 deals
What is the 2 main aims of City Deals?
Design growth strategies to help businesses grow
Create economic growth
What is an example of City Deals?
Manchester Working Well
Was City Deals successful?
Proven successful in delivering increased economic activity and infrastructure funding in a number of cities
What was a disadvantage of City Deals?
Many employees feel that adult employment and skills funding schemes were too fragmented
When was New Deals for Communities established?
2001-2011
Where was one of the NDFC schemes?
Devonport, Plymouth
What were these NDFC partnerships established to do?
Carry out 10-year strategic programmes designed to transform the 39 most deprived neighbourhoods and improve the lives of those in them
What results did they see between 2000-2008 in NDC areas?
Improvements in 32 of 36 core indicators e.g crime, health etc
What was a positive result of NDFC?
Benefitted local residents unlike UDC
Why did Devonport need regenerating?
It is a naval town in the port of Plymouth and there was a high naval wall which split the town and displaced residents.
What was a criticism of NDFC?
Delivered greater positive change for place rather than people
