Urban and Rural Rebranding

Question 1

What percent of employment in rural areas is in sectors other than agriculture and tourism?

Answer 1

80%

Question 2

What defines rural?

Answer 2

A settlement with <10,000 people

Question 3

What is the name for the land immediately around cities?

Answer 3

Hinterland

Question 4

What percent of the population live in rural areas?

Answer 4

17%, a 2.6% increase since 2011.

Question 5

What is the change in % of the amount of people in the primary area in rural areas?

Answer 5

Down by 11%

Question 6

What are the 4 reasons for primary workforce decline?

Answer 6

Tech developments reduce human labour
Rising scale of farms
Rise in factory farming
Year-round crops.

Question 7

How are tech developments reducing the primary workforce?

Answer 7

Combine harvesters and other machinery.
Agriunity - cultivating crops using CO2 - one example being ICI Teesside.

Question 8

How is the rising scale of farms reducing the primary workforce?

Answer 8

Farms have grown and small-scale farms have merged.
Supermarkets demand economies of scale.

Question 9

How is the rise in factory farming reducing the primary workforce?

Answer 9

Not just livestock and birds, but now also salad vegetables - reducing traditional arable farming practices.

Question 10

How is the growth in year-round crops reducing the primary workforce?

Answer 10

Demand for supply of certain crops year-round increased supply from foreign, cheaper suppliers.

Question 11

What is the post-productive countryside?

Answer 11

Rural areas that don’t rely on the primary sector as their main income source.

Question 12

What are the 7 challenges faced by the post-productive countryside?

Answer 12

Agricultural change
Decline in services
Lack of affordable housing
Depopulation
Poor transport infrastructure
Access to ultrafast broadband
Fuel poverty.

Question 13

How is agricultural change a challenge?

Answer 13

Impact of mechanisation, foreign competition, reliance on foreign labour and climate change mean that local workers are less needed than before.

Question 14

How is the decline in services a challenge?

Answer 14

Lack of economic viability has resulted in public and private services decreasing in communities.

Question 15

How is lack of affordable housing a challenge?

Answer 15

Growth in commuter workers + second home owners push up house prices.

Question 16

How is depopulation a challenge?

Answer 16

The younger and less affluent move away to the cities for better job opportunities.

Question 17

How is poor transport infrastructure a challenge?

Answer 17

Limited or non-existent in some areas. This limits employment opportunities and access to services, and decreases QOL. Rural areas have a 20% higher use of cars.

Question 18

How is access to ultrafast broadband a challenge?

Answer 18

Digital exclusion - loneliness for the elderly, hindering growth of new businesses, reduces QOL.

Question 19

How is fuel poverty a challenge?

Answer 19

4% more households in rural areas a fuel poor than in urban areas. This is a bigger deal because they have a 20% higher use of cars.

Question 20

What is rebranding and regeneration?

Answer 20

Rebranding - changing image and reputation through specific improvements
Regeneration - Long-term process improving economic and social conditions

Question 21

What are the 5 rebranding themes?

Answer 21

Recreation
Heritage
Media
Event Management
Food and Produce.

Question 22

What is NIMBYISM?

Answer 22

Not-In-My-Back-Yard-ism.

Question 23

What are the positives experienced by Doc Martin, Cornwall through their rebranding process - a location for TV show?

Answer 23

27% increase in visitor numbers
Worth millions to local economy.
Village appearance improved with redecorations
Film company made multiple 50,000 payments to village.
Royalties used on facilities for local school

Question 24

What are the negatives experienced by Doc Martin, Cornwall through their rebranding process - a location for TV show?

Answer 24

Disruption for locals
Road closures and traffic congestion
Visitors bring little to locally-owned businesses
House prices x4
In 2011 the council had to spend 475,000 on a new car park.

Question 25

How are the challenges of a small community being addressed?

Answer 25

There are over 350 community run shops in rural areas, but 500 close every year.
Since 2022 an average of 22 open each year.
A village in Norfolk converted an old phonebox into a defibrillator.
Areas also suffer from out-migration.

Question 26

What are Community Land Trusts?

Answer 26

CLTs manage pressure of counter-urbanisation.
Launched in UK in 2015 in response to loss of services and high house prices as counter-urbanisation changes the area.

Question 27

What do Community Land Trusts do?

Answer 27

Manage homes as long-term housing investments.
Have the power to sell and rent property - only own up to 30% of the property though.

Question 28

What are some policies used to restrict second-home ownership?

Answer 28

Remove council tax subsidy on second homes or add a tax for it.
Provide financial assistance to first-time buyers, and build houses designated for them.
Place quotas on second-home building.

Question 29

How can Foreign Direct Investment help with regeneration?

Answer 29

Regenerating areas that have a loss in primary activity.
Investors from the USA are proposing to transform a former mining site in Derbyshire into a leisure facility - creating 1,000 new jobs.

Question 30

What are the 6 reimagine techniques?

Answer 30

Promoting business advantages
Development of stadia
Promoting cultural quarters
Festivals
Industrial heritage
Flagship developments.

Question 31

What was the origin of culture-led regneration?

Answer 31

The Guggenheim museum in Bilbao, Spain. This led to the European City of Culture designation, which Liverpool and Glasgow are awarded.

Question 32

How has Bradford reimaged itself?

Answer 32

Opening up the Museum of Photography, Film and Television and has achieved the UNESCO City of FIlm status - financial gains have incentivised further regeneration.

Question 33

How has Digbeth, Birmingham reimagined itself?

Answer 33

Was home to the original Birds Custard Factory - in 1993 was restored and now is home to over 100 businesses - over 1200 jobs created.