Changes Over Time In the Economic Characteristics of Places

Question 1

What is the Clark-Fisher model?

Answer 1

A model that compares % employment per sector and per capita income over time, with a high income having higher proportion of Q and T workers and a lower income having more P and S workers.

Question 2

What statistics did the Clark-Fisher model give us for 1841?

Answer 2

36% of the population in manufacturing, 33% in service sectors and 22% in agriculture.

Question 3

What statistics did the Clark-Fisher model give us for 2011?

Answer 3

9% of the population in manufacturing, 81% in services and <1% in agriculture.

Question 4

What are Kondratiev waves?

Answer 4

Approximately 50 years in duration, they show the rises in particular technological innovations since the 1770s, and the economic boosts and dips that intercede.

Question 5

What are the 4 stages of each K wave?

Answer 5

Prosperity - at the peak
Recession - the decline as technology stagnates
Depression - economic drop and no technological innovation
Recovery - economic increase with technological advancements

Question 6

What does the K1 wave label?

Answer 6

mechanisation in the early 1800s.

Question 7

What does the K2 wave label?

Answer 7

Steam powered engines and ships in the mid 1800s.

Question 8

What does the K3 wave label?

Answer 8

Electrically-powered factories and the rise of electricity increasing productivity in the early 1900s.

Question 9

What does the K4 wave label?

Answer 9

Fordist mass production in the 1950s.

Question 10

What does the K5 wave label?

Answer 10

The digital age from 2000s onwards.

Question 11

What was the economic change in Cardiff 1801-1901?

Answer 11

Only had 1870 people, but the K2 growth gave rise to Cardiff being a major export port for Wales & SW England. The wealthy Bute family dug canals and built docks and then railways in the 1830s to increase production. Immigration massively increased the working population. In 1851, 1/3 of Cardiff’s inhabitants were Glamorgan by birth.

Question 12

What was the impact of the economic change in Cardiff 1801-1901?

Answer 12

Extreme social exclusion, the wealthy Bute town housed all the managers, administrators and business owners whilst the suburb of Grangetown was by far the largest in Cardiff and housed the majority of the poor Glamorgan immigrants who worked on the docks or railways.

Question 13

What does Location Quotient measure?

Answer 13

A regions industrial specialisation and concentration relative to the country. A score of <1 indicates a low concentration, >1 a high concentration and 1 average.

Question 14

How is Location Quotient measured?

Answer 14

% of total workforce in the area in the chosen industry divided by workforce in that industry as a % of the national workforce.

Question 15

What are the 3 main causes of loss of primary industry?

Answer 15

mechanisation, resource depletion and globalisations.

Question 16

How is the loss of primary employment being tackled in Wales?

Answer 16

60% of its 20,000km2 land is agricultural, and 9.5% is forested. This has led to an over reliance on young people going into farming, but now the sector is shrinking due to mechanisation so unemployment is an issue. The Rural Development Plan is intended to upskill 13,000 young farmers to stop unemployment.

Question 17

What are the main negative impacts of primary decline in rural areas?

Answer 17

Decrease in employment, encourages R-UM. Negative multiplier effect so reduced services. Isolation/digital exclusion.

Question 18

What are the main positive impacts of primary decline in rural areas?

Answer 18

Less pollution, new leisure and recreation facilities, and land available for house construction.

Question 19

How was the closure of a manufacturing plant in Consett described?

Answer 19

‘the murder of a town’ - 3700 jobs lost resulting in 36% unemployment.

Question 20

How much of its population did Detroit lose 1950-2008 and why?

Answer 20

58% due to deindustrialisation, automation and globalisation.

Question 21

How has competition from Korea and Japan affected Manchester?

Answer 21

30% of Greater Manchester is included in the 20 most deprived boroughs nationwide.

Question 22

In 2011, what % of the national workforce was in manufacturing?

Answer 22

9%