The Service Economy and its Social and Economic Impacts

Question 1

In 2018, what % of UK workers were in the service sector?

Answer 1

83%

Question 2

In 2018, what % of female UK workers were in the service sector?

Answer 2

92%

Question 3

In 2018, what % of male UK workers were in the service sector?

Answer 3

71%

Question 4

What is the increase in GDP that comes from the service sector from 1970 to now?

Answer 4

Was 55%, now 79%.

Question 5

What is the name of the economy we currently have?

Answer 5

tertiarist economy

Question 6

What was the cause of the initial growth in the tertiary sector?

Answer 6

Industrialists needed to finance growth, buy raw materials and market produce. It also grew as workers needed banks, insurance, lawyers and wanted recreational opportunities.

Question 7

What constitutes a tertiary firm?

Answer 7

Firms selling knowledge, predominantly finance, law and marketing.

Question 8

How did rising affluence impact the growth of the tertiary sector?

Answer 8

People want to invest, insure property and possessions, purchase goods and have leisure time.
More disposable income as a result of higher wages and a mortgage-free, ageing population led to growth of leisure.

Question 9

How did technological change affect the growth of the tertiary sector?

Answer 9

It enhanced CBDs through skyscrapers allowing more compact working space, and public transport helped with proximity issues. Communications developments enabled communication over longer distances - MS Teams.
Rail travel and mandatory holidays gave rise to seaside resorts, air travel and overseas package holidays.

Question 10

What % of all highly skilled jobs are in city centres, and how much more productive are they than non-urban areas?

Answer 10

72%, and are 21% more productive.

Question 11

How many jobs in city centres do graduates take every year?

Answer 11

Half

Question 12

Which specific industry account for 52% of all city centre employment?

Answer 12

Financial services

Question 13

What is agglomeration?

Answer 13

The ability to benefit from proximity - sharing workforce, ideas and information. Knowledge spillover.

Question 14

What are the accessibility benefits of being in a city centre?

Answer 14

Allows for better shopping locations for lower-income groups and more choice.
Out-of-town employment and shopping has less public transport and so can be inaccessible to lower income groups.

Question 15

Which 3 cities attracted the most graduates in 2018?

Answer 15

Cambridge - 36%
London - 32%
Oxford - 31%

Question 16

Is retail declining in cities?

Answer 16

Retailing often moves out of town - Westfield
Online shopping removes footfall
Jan 2019, 10% vacancy rate in city centres
Closed frontages alter images

Question 17

2008-2018, how many stores and employees did the 32 main retail failures affect?

Answer 17

12700 stores and 175,000 workers.
Toys R us, Debenhams, HMV, Maplin

Question 18

In 2018, what % of all retail was e-commerce?

Answer 18

18%, with sports goods and clothing accounting for 55% of that.

Question 19

What was the city centre like in the 19th century?

Answer 19

Rural to urban migration was occurring during the Industrial Revolution
URBANISATION

Question 20

What was the city centre like in the early 20th century?

Answer 20

Businesses began to agglomerate, and rapid suburban growth was encouraged by car ownership.

Question 21

What was the city centre like in the 1940s?

Answer 21

Heavily bomb-damaged, reconstruction required.

Question 22

What was the city centre like in the 1950s?

Answer 22

Rising car ownership resulted in suburbs being the preferred housing choice over the city centre.
DECENTRALISATION

Question 23

What was the city centre like in the 1960s?

Answer 23

Large-scale rebuilding, slum clearing, commercial buildings and increasing affluence.

Question 24

What was the city centre like in the 1970s?

Answer 24

Early gentrification and car dependence. Decline in manufacturing and offices sprung up outside of London.

Question 25

What was the city centre like in the 1980s?

Answer 25

Fewer restrictions on commercial space and outside of city centres were retail parks. Urban regeneration resulted in increased retail and offices
REURBANISATION

Question 26

What was the city centre like in the 1990s?

Answer 26

Expansion of tertiary economy
Growing use of ICT and telephones

Question 27

What was the city centre like in the 2000s?

Answer 27

Out of town development restricted and roads congested from over reliance on car travel.

Question 28

What was the city centre like in the 2010s?

Answer 28

Recession, retail vacancies rise and e-commerce takes over.

Question 29

What were the trends in city centre population in the late 1900s, and separately in the 2000s?

Answer 29

Decreased hugely during the 1980s-2000 but increased hugely again from 2000-now.

Question 30

What are the 5 main factors resulting in reurbanisation?

Answer 30

Flat/apartment building, permitted development rights increased, rapid population increase, an increase in student accommodation in city centres, and people wanting to live and work in city centres.

Question 31

What is an example of gentrification in London?

Answer 31

The ultra-wealthy have an average property portfolio of 28 million dollars, due to property ROI being so high, demand for accommodation increasing and the need for a home for their global lifestyle.

Question 32

What are 2 gentrified neighbourhoods in London?

Answer 32

Older industrial warehouses converted into luxury apartment blocks in Wapping and Battersea power station being converted into luxury high rises.

Question 33

What was the growth in the Milton Keynes service economy 1971-2009?

Answer 33

253%

Question 34

What is an example of deindustrialising urban areas shrinking?

Answer 34

Liverpool shrinking by 19%

Question 35

How successful have attempts to improve deindustrialising cities been?

Answer 35

Remediation or replacement with land reuse have had limited success - in Liverpool schemes have only produced 40% of the expected jobs.

Question 36

How has out of town retailing helped to increase the service economy?

Answer 36

The rise of superstores - big tesco
Outlets - Bicester village
Industrial estates
Clothing and furniture stores

Question 37

What are examples of rejuvenation of CC retailing?

Answer 37

Westfield creating a separate city centre, West Quay in a converted tyre factory in Southampton and Gunwharf Quays regenerating redundant industrial space into a shopping centre.