The Service Economy and its Social and Economic Impacts Flashcards
In 2018, what % of UK workers were in the service sector?
83%
In 2018, what % of female UK workers were in the service sector?
92%
In 2018, what % of male UK workers were in the service sector?
71%
What is the increase in GDP that comes from the service sector from 1970 to now?
Was 55%, now 79%.
What is the name of the economy we currently have?
tertiarist economy
What was the cause of the initial growth in the tertiary sector?
Industrialists needed to finance growth, buy raw materials and market produce. It also grew as workers needed banks, insurance, lawyers and wanted recreational opportunities.
What constitutes a tertiary firm?
Firms selling knowledge, predominantly finance, law and marketing.
How did rising affluence impact the growth of the tertiary sector?
People want to invest, insure property and possessions, purchase goods and have leisure time.
More disposable income as a result of higher wages and a mortgage-free, ageing population led to growth of leisure.
How did technological change affect the growth of the tertiary sector?
It enhanced CBDs through skyscrapers allowing more compact working space, and public transport helped with proximity issues. Communications developments enabled communication over longer distances - MS Teams.
Rail travel and mandatory holidays gave rise to seaside resorts, air travel and overseas package holidays.
What % of all highly skilled jobs are in city centres, and how much more productive are they than non-urban areas?
72%, and are 21% more productive.
How many jobs in city centres do graduates take every year?
Half
Which specific industry account for 52% of all city centre employment?
Financial services
What is agglomeration?
The ability to benefit from proximity - sharing workforce, ideas and information. Knowledge spillover.
What are the accessibility benefits of being in a city centre?
Allows for better shopping locations for lower-income groups and more choice.
Out-of-town employment and shopping has less public transport and so can be inaccessible to lower income groups.
Which 3 cities attracted the most graduates in 2018?
Cambridge - 36%
London - 32%
Oxford - 31%
Is retail declining in cities?
Retailing often moves out of town - Westfield
Online shopping removes footfall
Jan 2019, 10% vacancy rate in city centres
Closed frontages alter images
2008-2018, how many stores and employees did the 32 main retail failures affect?
12700 stores and 175,000 workers.
Toys R us, Debenhams, HMV, Maplin
In 2018, what % of all retail was e-commerce?
18%, with sports goods and clothing accounting for 55% of that.
What was the city centre like in the 19th century?
Rural to urban migration was occurring during the Industrial Revolution
URBANISATION
What was the city centre like in the early 20th century?
Businesses began to agglomerate, and rapid suburban growth was encouraged by car ownership.
What was the city centre like in the 1940s?
Heavily bomb-damaged, reconstruction required.
What was the city centre like in the 1950s?
Rising car ownership resulted in suburbs being the preferred housing choice over the city centre.
DECENTRALISATION
What was the city centre like in the 1960s?
Large-scale rebuilding, slum clearing, commercial buildings and increasing affluence.
What was the city centre like in the 1970s?
Early gentrification and car dependence. Decline in manufacturing and offices sprung up outside of London.
What was the city centre like in the 1980s?
Fewer restrictions on commercial space and outside of city centres were retail parks. Urban regeneration resulted in increased retail and offices
REURBANISATION
What was the city centre like in the 1990s?
Expansion of tertiary economy
Growing use of ICT and telephones
What was the city centre like in the 2000s?
Out of town development restricted and roads congested from over reliance on car travel.
What was the city centre like in the 2010s?
Recession, retail vacancies rise and e-commerce takes over.
What were the trends in city centre population in the late 1900s, and separately in the 2000s?
Decreased hugely during the 1980s-2000 but increased hugely again from 2000-now.
What are the 5 main factors resulting in reurbanisation?
Flat/apartment building, permitted development rights increased, rapid population increase, an increase in student accommodation in city centres, and people wanting to live and work in city centres.
What is an example of gentrification in London?
The ultra-wealthy have an average property portfolio of 28 million dollars, due to property ROI being so high, demand for accommodation increasing and the need for a home for their global lifestyle.
What are 2 gentrified neighbourhoods in London?
Older industrial warehouses converted into luxury apartment blocks in Wapping and Battersea power station being converted into luxury high rises.
What was the growth in the Milton Keynes service economy 1971-2009?
253%
What is an example of deindustrialising urban areas shrinking?
Liverpool shrinking by 19%
How successful have attempts to improve deindustrialising cities been?
Remediation or replacement with land reuse have had limited success - in Liverpool schemes have only produced 40% of the expected jobs.
How has out of town retailing helped to increase the service economy?
The rise of superstores - big tesco
Outlets - Bicester village
Industrial estates
Clothing and furniture stores
What are examples of rejuvenation of CC retailing?
Westfield creating a separate city centre, West Quay in a converted tyre factory in Southampton and Gunwharf Quays regenerating redundant industrial space into a shopping centre.
