UR Vocab

Question 1

Glomerular filtration

Answer 1

glomerulus (blood) -> capsular space (filtrate)

Question 2

Tubular reabsorption

Answer 2

renal tubule (filtrate) -> peritubular capillaries (blood)

Question 3

tubular secretion

Answer 3

peritubular capillaries (blood) -> renal tubule (filtrate)

Question 4

urinary excretion

Answer 4

elimination from body by combination of 3 processes

excreted = filtered + secreted - reabsorbed

Question 5

principle of filtration

Answer 5

use pressure to move fluids/solutes through a membrane

Question 6

Starling forces

Answer 6

1. blood hydrostatic pressure (PGC)
2. Filtrate Osmotic Pressure (piCS)
3. filtrate hydrostatic pressure (PCS)
4. blood osmotic pressure (piGC)

GC: glomerulus
CS: capsular space

Question 7

Renal autoregulation (and it’s two processes)

Answer 7

intrinisc mechanisms in kidneys trying to keep GFR within certain tolerance despite what blood pressure is doing in rest of body (homeostasis of GFR)

1. myogenic mechanism
2. tubuloglomerular feedback

Question 8

myogenic mechanism

Answer 8

stimulus: blood pressure change affecting PGC and stretch of an arteriole

response: alter contraction of smooth muscle surrounding arteriole/alter radius of arteriole

Question 9

tubuloglomerular feedback

Answer 9

stimulus: blood pressure change affecting PGC and salt concentration delivery at macula densa cells of JGA (juxtaglomerular apparatus)

Question 10

GFR - regulation

Answer 10

extrinsic mechanisms outside of kidneys to alter GFR

neural and/or hormonal changes

Question 11

Hormonal regulation - RAAS

Answer 11

involves renin, angiotensin, aldosterone system (RAAS)

involves formation of angiotensin ll

Question 12

angiotensin ll

Answer 12

-decreases GFR
-binds alpha receptors - vasoconstrict afferent arterioles
-contracts mesangial cells - decrease glomerular capillary surface area

Question 13

Hormonal regulation - ANP

Answer 13

-altered plasma volume will alter distention (stretch) of atria
-distension controls atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretin and release into blood

Question 14

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Answer 14

-increases GFR
-binds beta 2 receptors - vasodilate afferent arterioles
-relaxes mesangial cells - increase glomerular capillary surface area

Question 15

tubular reabsorption and secretion

Answer 15

eliminating substances: glomerular filtration and tubular secretion

retaining substances: tubular reabsorption

ask how much to retain and eliminate once filtered

Question 16

tubular lumen

Answer 16

inner cavity of renal tubule

Question 17

tubular epithelial cell

Answer 17

cells making up inner wall of renal tubulei

Question 18

interstitial fluid

Answer 18

extracellular fluid surrounding renal tubule

Question 19

blood vessel

Answer 19

peritubular capillaries

Question 20

tight junction

Answer 20

connection point between adjacent tubular epithelial cells

Question 21

pathways between lumen and peritubular capillaries

Answer 21

1. paracellular: between epithelial cells
2. transcellular: through epithelial cells

Question 22

2 ways of going transcellular

Answer 22

must cross cell membranes
1. apical
2. basolateral

Question 23

apical (transcellular)

Answer 23

between tubule lumen and inside tubular epithelial cell

Question 24

basolateral

Answer 24

between inside tubular epithelial cell and interstitial fluid

Question 25

renal tubule - passive transports

Answer 25

high to low concentration (down or with gradient) "chemical" -simple diffusion -facilitated diffusion -osmosis "electro brackets ": electrochemical is a combination of all of this

Question 26

simple diffusion

Answer 26

ion moving straight through membrane

Question 27

facilitated diffusion

Answer 27

ion needs a membrane protein (MP) to provide passage

Question 28

osmosis

Answer 28

for water: often involves aquaporin (AP: water membrane protein)

Question 29

"electro"

Answer 29

separation of electrical charge (charge imbalance) -positive charge towards negative charge and vice verse -sort of seen already with action potentials as inside cell is more negative than outside so positive cells want to go into cell

Question 30

renal tubule - active transports

Answer 30

-at least 1 one moving low to high concentration gradient (up or against gradient) -at least 2 ions move together (cotransport or counter transport) -primary -secondary

Question 31

cotransport

Answer 31

ions move together in same direction

Question 32

counter transport

Answer 32

ions move together in opposite direction

Question 33

primary

Answer 33

ATP - ADP and Pi to provide direct energy to pump ions across membrane -both ions move up gradients

Question 34

secondary

Answer 34

movement in response to conditions created by primary -one ion move down gradient, another move up gradient (can be more than 2 ions involved)

Question 35

tubular reabsorption and secretion

Answer 35

-specific things move in specific parts of renal tubule -movements processes different in specific parts of renal tubule