Lab exam 2 Flashcards
Which kidney is lower and why?
right due to position of liver
What is the function of the bladder?
to store urine until voiding
adrenal glands are located where?
they sit on top of the kidneys
are the adrenal glands a part of the urinary system?
no
what is the outer kidney layer?
renal cortex
What is the renal medulla
the inner kidney layer
what is the renal medulla made of
alternating renal pyramids and renal columns
what is the hilum for the kidney?
where renal blood vessels go in and out of kidney and ureter exits
where does the ureter exit from the kidney?
the hilum
what is a nephron
functional units of the kidneys
how many nephrons per kidney?
over 1 million
what does a nephron consist of?
renal corpuscle and renal tubule
what is renal circulation a part of?
systemic circulation
what is inward blood flow for renal circulation?
abdominal aorta - renal arteries - segmental arteries - interlobar arteries - arcuate arteries - cortical radiate artery - afferent arterioles - glomerulus - efferent arterioles - peritubular capillaries
renal arteries branch off from where?
abdominal aorta
where do renal arteries enter?
kidneys
interlobar arteries run through what?
renal columns
arcuate arteries run along border…
between renal cortex and renal medulla
what are the two types of capillary exchange areas for the kidneys
- glomerulus
- peritubular capillaries
what is the glomerulus?
specialized capillary bed inside a glomerular capsule, arteriole going in and arteriole coming out
what are peritubular capillaries
capillary bed surrounding renal tubule, arteriole going in and venule coming out
what is outward blood flow in renal circulation?
peritubular capillaries - cortical radiate vein - arcuate vein - interlobar veins - renal veins - inferior vena cava
what are segmental veins?
there are none
what is a renal corpuscle composed of?
glomerulus and surrounding glomerular capsule
what is the capsular space
fluid filled cavity inside glomerular capsule with glomerulus protruding into space
what arteriole has larger radius?
afferent arteriole
what is the first portion of the renal tubule leading out of the glomerular capsule?
proximal tubule
what is the order of the renal tubule
proximal tubule - descending loop of henle - ascending loop of henle - distal tubule - collecting duct
where does collecting duct join to
papillae
what joins to a shared collecting duct?
many nephrons
what’s the papillae
porous membrane at end of collecting duct at the base of the renal pyramid
what is wrapped around the afferent arteriole
juxtaglomerular cells
where is the macula densa?
in renal tubule wall where ascending loop of henle becomes distal tubule
what is in the notch between afferent entering and efferent exiting?
mesangial cells
once passed papillae, enters…
minor calyx
papillae to ureter
papillae - minor calyx - major calyx - renal pelvis - ureter
what structure is between the ureters and bladder?
ureteral orifices
what surrounds the bladder?
detrusor muscle
what structure is between the bladder and the urethra?
internal urethral orifice
what is the GI tract order?
mouth - pharynx - esophagus - stomach - small intestine - large intestine - rectum - anal canal - anus
what structure or section is outside the teeth?
labial vestibule
what structure hangs off the back of the soft palate?
uvula
what is the name for baby teeth?
deciduous or primary teeth
what is the name for adult teeth?
permanent or secondary teeth
what is the function of the canines?
tear or shred food
what is the function of the incisors
bite food
what is the function of the premolars/molars
crushing and grinding food
what structure is anterior and inferior to the ear?
parotid gland
what structure is under the tongue?
sublingual gland
what structure is inside back edge of mandible/
submandibular gland
what structures leading out of salivary glands form passageways from salivary glands into mouth
ducts
what structure is between nasal cavity and bottom of uvula?
nasal pharynx
what structure is between tip of uvula and top of epiglottis?
oral pharynx
what structure is above the larynx and between top of epiglottis and start of hyoid bone
laryngeal pharynx
what structure is between the larynx and the esophagus?
upper esophageal sphincter
what structure is between the esophagus and the fundus?
lower esophageal sphincter?
The order of the stomach parts are…
fundus - body - antrum
what structure is between the antrum and duodenum?
pyloric sphincter
what is the first part of the small intestine
antrum
where does the left gastric artery go to?
lesser curvature at fundus end of stomach
where does the common hepatic artery head to?
the liver
what comes off the common hepatic artery before reaching the ___?
right gastric artery and gastroduodenal artery
where does the right gastric artery go to?
lesser curvature at antrum end of stomach
where does the gastroduodenal artery go to?
greater curvature of stomach (also to the duodenum)
where does the left gastric vein come from?
fundus end of lesser curvature of stomach
where does the right gastric vein come from?
antrum end of lesser curvature of stomach
what makes up the portal vein?
left and right gastric veins
what does portal vein supply?
blood to the liver, often coloured differently on models
what is the last portion before the large intestine
ileum
what is the inner surface hierarchy for the small intestine
inner surface composed of circular folds - surface of circular folds composed of villi - surface of villi composed of microvilli
what’s inside villi
blood capillaries and lacteal
what branches off the common hepatic artery?
gastroduodenal artery
superior mesenteric artery goes to where?
jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, and 1st half of transverse colon
inferior mesenteric artery goes to where?
2nd half of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum
gastroduodenal artery goes to where?
duodenum and greater curvature of stomach
which liver lobe is larger and smaller
-right: larger
-left: smaller
what separates the lobes of liver
falciform ligament
falciform ligament attaches to what?
top of diaphragm
the gallbladder is where?
sac on lower surface of liver
right/left hepatic artery branches off what?
common hepatic artery
left and right gastric arteries join where?
toward middle of lesser curvature
what is liver blood supply
right and left hepatic arteries for adjacent lobe
what are the 2 ducts of the pancreas and where do they open to?
- pancreatic duct
- accessory duct
-they open into duodenum
pancreatic duct often…
opens in close association with common bile duct from liver (sometimes even a common opening)
what makes up the common hepatic duct?
right and left hepatic duct
where do right/left hepatic ducts come from?
right/left lobes of liver
what ducts are one-way out of liver?
hepatic ducts
what duct is two-way?
cystic duct flows into and out of
cystic duct flows into and out of what?
gallbladder
what makes up the common bile duct
cystic duct and common hepatic duct
where does the common bile duct enter?
the duodenum
what structure is a ring of smooth muscle around ducts for liver and gallbladder?
sphincter of oddi
sphincter of oddi around what?
opening of common bile duct and pancreatic duct
what does the sphincter of Oddi control?
opening into duodenum
what is the final portion before entering large intestine?
ileum
how long is the duodenum
25cm
how long is the jejunum?
2.5m
how long is the ileum?
3.5m
what structure is between the ileum and the large intestine?
ileocecal valve
what structure is below the ileocecal valve?
cecum
what structures make up the large intestine?
haustra
what is a valve?
ring of smooth muscle
what structure does the appendix hang off of?
cecum
right colic flexure is what?
bend in large intestine near liver
left colic flexure is what?
bend in large intestine near fundus of stomach
large intestine areas order
ascending colon on right side - right colic flexure - transverse colon - left colic flexure - descending colon on left side - sigmoid colon - rectum
superior/inferior mesenteric arteries branch off what?
abdominal aorta
which mesenteric artery branches off around celiac trunk?
superior mesenteric artery
where does the superior mesenteric vein come from?
jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, 1st half transverse colon
where does the inferior mesenteric vein come from?
2nd half of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum
portal vein supplies what?
blood to the liver
superior/inferior mesenteric vein and other vessels (including right/left gastric veins) form what?
portal vein
what veins come out of liver?
hepatic veins
what structure is between the right atrium and the hepatic veins?
inferior vena cava
what structures are below the rectum?
anal canal and anus
what is the external opening for digestive?
anal canal and anus
what structures are around the anal canal?
muscle layers that control exit, internal/external anal sphincter
primary lymphatic structures?
bone marrow and thymus
secondary lymphatic structures
lymph nodes, spleen, lymphoid nodules
how many lymph nodes?
around 600
what are cervical/axillary/etc lymph nodes?
not individual, rather areas where there are clusters of lymph nodes
tonsils are what?
lymphoid nodules
where are the pharyngeal tonsils?
top of nasal pharynx
where are the palatine tonsils?
where oral cavity changes to oral pharynx
where are the lingual tonsils?
posterior of the tongue
what is a lacteal?
specialized lymphatic capillary in small intestine villi for absorption of larger fat molecules in chylomicron form
what is a chylomicron?
fat transport lipoprotein
what are the 4 paired lymphatic trunks?
- jugular
- subclavian
- bronchomediastinal
- lumbar
what is the unpaired lymphatic trunk?
intestinal trunk
jugular trunk lymph drainage
neck and head
subclavian trunk lymph drainage
arm
bronchomediastinal trunk lymph drainage
lungs, heart, trachea, and mammary glands
lumbar trunk lymph drainage
legs, pelvis, kidneys
intestinal trunk lymph drainage
stomach, intestine, pancreas, spleen, liver
what is the cisterna chyli
sac that lumbar trunks and intestinal trunk drain into
what forms the thoracic duct?
drainage from cisterna chyli
right lymphatic duct enters where?
right subclavian vein
thoracic duct enters where?
left subclavian vein?
what branches off celiac trunk and supplies spleen?
splenic artery
what are the 3 main branches off of the celiac trunk?
- left gastric artery
- common hepatic artery
- splenic artery
splenic vein joins what?
other veins such as gastric and mesenteric veins to form the portal vein leading to the liver
