IM 1

Question 1

What is the lymphatic system?

Answer 1

network of small organs/tissues and vessels where lymph flows

Question 2

what is lymph?

Answer 2

fluid derived from IF

Question 3

what are the functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 3

1. drain excess IF and return to blood
2. return filtered proteins to blood
3. transport lipids (lacteals entry point for chylomicrons)
4. immune role

Question 4

what is lymph flow?

Answer 4

there’s filtration and absorption (20-17) that leaves around 3L per day of excess filtration (excluding kidneys)

this filtration enters lymphatic capillaries to become lymph where eventually re-enter blood

Question 5

where does right lymphatic duct have capillaries flowing from?

Answer 5

upper right side of body?

Question 6

lymphatic capillaries ___ ultimately flow into ___

Answer 6

in lower body and top left side, thoracic duct

Question 7

what primarily maintains lymph flow?

Answer 7

smooth muscle contractions with distension

Question 8

what assists with maintenance of lymph flow?

Answer 8

skeletal muscle and respiratory pump (both pressure gradient driven)

Question 9

what happens when lymph flow is blocked?

Answer 9

IF builds up with no where to go and can cause edema (swelling)

Question 10

what are primary lymphoid organs?

Answer 10

bone marrow and thymus, immune cell development and maturation

Question 11

function of bone marrow?

Answer 11

immune cell development and maturation

Question 12

function of thymus?

Answer 12

immune cell maturation

Question 13

what are secondary lymphoid organs?

Answer 13

sites of immune cell residence, contact with pathogens leads to responses

includes spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphoid nodules

Question 14

what is spleen?

Answer 14

where blood filters through

Question 15

what are lymph nodes?

Answer 15

where lymph filters through?

Question 16

what are the two types of lymphoid nodules?

Answer 16

1. tonsils
2. linings

Question 17

where are tonsils positioned?

Answer 17

for inhaled and ingested pathogen around the pharynx

Question 18

where are linings?

Answer 18

GI, RS, UR, reproductive tracts, basically external environment entry points

Question 19

What’s immunity?

Answer 19

ability to resist or eliminate harmful substances (external and internal all working together to provide)

Question 20

what is susceptibility

Answer 20

lack of resistance

Question 21

what are pathogens

Answer 21

virus and microbes (bacteria, fungi, parasites)

Question 22

what are immune responses?

Answer 22

1. defend against invading pathogens
2. remove worn out cells damaged by time, trauma, or disease (ex. RBC)
3. faciliate wound healing and tissue repair
4. immune surveillance

Question 23

what are examples of external defenses?

Answer 23

physical and chemical

Question 24

what are physical defenses

Answer 24

skin, hairs, mucus, reflexes

Question 25

what are chemical defenses?

Answer 25

sebum, lysozyme, stomach acid

Question 26

how does skin defend?

Answer 26

when intact, prevents external to internal crossing

Question 27

how does hair defend?

Answer 27

in the nasal cavity, filter

Question 28

how does mucus defend?

Answer 28

the upper respiratory and GI tracts are stick and bind

Question 29

how do reflexes defend?

Answer 29

coughing and sneezing -> expelling

Question 30

how does sebum defend?

Answer 30

oil on skin surface is slightly acidic which is a poor environment for pathogen growth

Question 31

how do lysozymes defend?

Answer 31

in tears, perspiration, saliva, nasal secretions, tissue fluids. They have antimicrobial properties to break some pathogen cell membranes

Question 32

how does stomach acid defend?

Answer 32

it's highly acidic to kill some pathogens

Question 33

where are white blood cells formed?

Answer 33

formed in red bone marrow by leuokpoiesis

Question 34

what are the types of immune cells that are white blood cells

Answer 34

-neutrophils -eosinophils -basophils -monocytes (form macrophages when we need them for immune response) -dendritic cells -mast cells -lymphocytes (form B cells, T cells, NK cells)