IM 3 Flashcards
distinguishing adaptive from innate?
- specific recognition of pathogen to be attacked
- memory for previous encounters
what is an antigen?
any molecule that can trigger and adaptive immune response against itself or cell bearing it
-either pathogen itself or receptor on cell membrane of pathogen
lymphocytes are…
essential immune cells of adaptive system
what are B cells?
start and mature in red bone marrow
what are T cells?
start in bone marrow but migrate to thymus as immature T cells to mature
what happens when B cells and T cells both mature?
they migrate to secondary lymphoid organs/structures to form clonal populations
what are clones at the point with B and T cells migrating?
naive lymphocytes that have not been exposed, have one specific surface antigen receptor. and are genetically developed
what are immunoglobulins?
-2 types: B cell receptors and antibodies
-antigen recognized by B cell receptors and/or antibodies as part of activation stage
what are the 5 classes of immunoglobulins?
- lgG
- lgM
- lgE
- lgD
- lgA
what’s lgG?
largest class, one of mains against bacteria and virus
lgM
first to arrive and short lived, one of mains against bacteria and virus
lgE
late phase allergy involvement
lgA
in breast milk for early immune protection
lgD
involved in B cell activation
what’s the structure of the immunoglubulin?
- 4 chains (2 heavy and 2 light)
- constant end with stem binding site (with Ig class, always the same)
- variable ends with 2 of the same specific antigen binding sites (millions of different versions within an Ig class)
what are adaptive immune responses?
specific lock and key, 3rd line of defense, slower but more ultimate defense
what is part of the activation stage?
piece of antigen being combined with major histocompatibility protein (MHC) and being presented to T cell for recognition
who has same MHC proteins
identical twins
what are T cell receptor needs?
-helper T cells needs
-cytoxic T cells needs
-most regulatory T cells involve
helper T cells need
antigen to be presented with MHC class 2
what possesses MHC class 2?
macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells
what do cytotoxic T cells need?
antigen to be presented with MHC class 1
what possess MHC class 1?
most cells possess, erythrocytes do not possess
most regulatory T cells involve…
antigen presented with class 2, small number with class 1
are MHC proteins required for NK cells?
no, they have non-specific binding like innate
what does exogenous mean?
antigen outside immune cell enters by phagocytosis
what is the activation stage for adaptive immune response?
after recognition gives us clonal selection, activation gives multiple rounds of clonal expansion (proliferation and differentiation)
what is proliferation?
increasing clonal numbers
what is differentiation?
increasing clonal specialization
all clones formed can recognize what?
specific antigen from initial clonal selection
what is ultimately formed from the activation stage
effector and memory cells
what are effector cells
cells that carry out current immune attack
what are memory cells?
cells that are not active in current immune attack, rather stored for future encounters with same specific antigen
what happens in the attack stage?
forms
cell mediated: no antibodies involved
antibody mediated: formed antibodies involved
what is cell-mediated in attack stage?
no antibodies involved, especially with intracellular pathogens and cancer cells
what is antibody mediated in attack stage?
formed antibodies involved, especially with extracellular pathogens
