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X Anatomy 1B > Upper Urinary Tract > Flashcards

Upper Urinary Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main components of the urinary system?

A

kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra

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2
Q

Where are the kidneys located in the body?

A

cranial/superior abdomen

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3
Q

where in the body is the bladder located?

A

pelvic cavity

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4
Q

through what area of the body is urine voided?

A

perineal area

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5
Q

In humans what is found in the perineal area?

A

pelvic floor

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6
Q

What is the main/significant role of the kidneys?

A

filtration of toxins from the blood

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7
Q

what is the function of ureters?

A

transport urine to the bladder by peristalsis

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8
Q

what is the function of the bladder?

A

stores urine until it is convenient to void

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9
Q

what is the function of the urethra?

A

transports urine out of the body, forms part of the male reproductive tract

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10
Q

what are the 3 main functions of the kidney?

A

process blood plasma, maintain homeostatic balance, remove urea

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11
Q

what can kidney failure lead to?

A

homeostatic imbalance and death

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12
Q

what is urea a waste product of?

A

protein metabolism

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13
Q

During kidney transplant is the diseased kidney removed?

A

no, remains in the abdomen and the new kidney is implanted inferior to it

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14
Q

What leaves the kidney at the hilus (hilum)?

A

blood vessels, nerves, ureters

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15
Q

What is provided to the kidney by perirenal fat?

A

protection from: pressure exerted by other organs, shock and trauma

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16
Q

What 3 domestic species have the ‘kidney bean’ shaped kidneys?

A

dogs, cats, sheep

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17
Q

How can a feline kidney be differentiated from canine?

A

there are prominent external veins on the feline kidney

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18
Q

is there much perirenal fat on canine and feline kidneys?

A

no - unless they are obese

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19
Q

how much perirenal fat is present in sheep kidneys?

A

lots!

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20
Q

How do pig kidneys differ in shape from the classic ‘kidney bean’ shape?

A

dorsoventrally flattened so not as rounded

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21
Q

How do ox kidneys differ from other species?

A

lobed and left kidney is twisted and close to the midline

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22
Q

why is the left kidney in the ox close to the midline?

A

as the rumen develops it pushes the left kidney towards the midline (dorsally)

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23
Q

are all kidneys lobed at some point during embryo/foetal stages?

A

yes

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24
Q

what is each lobe of the ox kidney separated by?

A

deep fissures and connective tissue

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25
Q

what shape is the equine left kidney?

A

kidney bean

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26
Q

what shape is the equine right kidney?

A

love heart

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27
Q

which of the equine kidneys is more cranial?

A

right

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28
Q

what part of the abdominal cavity are kidneys located within?

A

cranial/superior abdominal cavity

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29
Q

What abdominal wall are the kidneys located on?

A

posterior abdominal wall

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30
Q

what does retroperitoneum mean?

A

behind peritoneum

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31
Q

what vertebra are kidneys in line with?

A

T12 to L2

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32
Q

Which kidney is more superior in the abdomen in humans?

A

left

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33
Q

what shape are human kidneys?

A

kidney bean

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34
Q

In most domestic species which kidney is more cranial?

A

right

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35
Q

between which vertebrae is the right kidney located in most domestic species?

A

L1-L2

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36
Q

between which vertebrae is the left kidney located in most domestic species?

A

L3-L4

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37
Q

Why is the right kidney often very difficult/impossible to palpate in domestic species?

A

its very close to the liver

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38
Q

In what species are kidneys at the same level?

A

pigs

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39
Q

In the ox and cat what makes the left kidney more mobile?

A

“less” retroperitoneal

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40
Q

What bones are the kidneys located beneath?

A

ribs

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41
Q

What muscles are the kidneys very closely associated with?

A

Quadratus lumborum and Psoas major

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42
Q

what structures are transmitted out of the hilus in humans?

A

renal vein, artery, nerve and ureter

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43
Q

where do the paired renal arteries arise from?

A

aorta

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44
Q

where do the paired renal veins drain into?

A

inferior or caudal vena cava

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45
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

nephron

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46
Q

approximately how many nephrons are there per kidney?

A

1 million

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47
Q

what is the glomerulus made up of?

A

network of fenestrated capillaries

48
Q

what occurs in the glomerulus?

A

ultrafiltrate is formed from blood

49
Q

what does the Bowman’s capsule surround?

A

glomerulus

50
Q

describe the flow from glomerulus to collecting duct

A

glomerulus - Bowman’s capsule - proximal convoluted tubule - loop of Henle - distal convoluted tubule - collecting duct

51
Q

What is reabsorbed into the blood at the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

60-80% of filtered water and sodium and normally all nutrients

52
Q

What happens at the distal convoluted tubule?

A

fine tuning of water and salt balance

53
Q

what is the fine tuning of water and salt balance at distal convoluted tubules controlled by?

A

aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone

54
Q

what is final urine volume in a human?

A

1-2 litres per day

55
Q

what is the outer layer of the kidney called?

A

capsule

56
Q

what is the next layer of the kidney deep to the capsule?

A

cortex

57
Q

what gives the cortex it’s granular appearance?

A

renal corpuscles and proximal and distal convoluted tubules

58
Q

what two components make up renal corpuscles?

A

Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus

59
Q

Where are renal columns found?

A

in between medulla (renal pyramids)

60
Q

what is the apex of the medulla/renal pyramid called?

A

renal papillae

61
Q

what parts of the nephron are found in the medulla?

A

Loops of Henle and collecting ducts

62
Q

how does the medulla appear?

A

striated

63
Q

Where does urine exit the medulla and collecting duct system?

A

renal papillae

64
Q

Where do minor calyxes attach?

A

to papillae

65
Q

where do major calyxes occur?

A

minor calyxes join to from major calyxes

66
Q

how is the pelvis of the kidney formed?

A

fusion of major calyxes

67
Q

what part of the kidney does the ureter drain from?

A

pelvis

68
Q

What is a renal lobe?

A

renal pyramid with own cortex

69
Q

What are the 3 types of kidney internal structure?

A

multipyramidal, multipapillate, unipyramidal

70
Q

Describe the internal structure of the multipyramidal kidney

A

divided cortex, divided medulla, calyxes, no pelvis, drain into secondary ureters and then ureter

71
Q

what do calyxes drain in multipyramidal kidneys?

A

individual lobes

72
Q

describe the internal structure of a multipapillate kidney?

A

fused cortex, divided medulla, calyxes, pelvis

73
Q

In multipapillate kidneys is there an individual cortex for each pyramid?

A

no

74
Q

in what two species may multipyramidal kidneys be found?

A

ox and dolphin

75
Q

in what two species may multipapillate kidneys be found?

A

pig and human

76
Q

describe the internal structure of a unipyramidal kidney

A

fused cortex, fused medulla, fused calyxes, pelvis

77
Q

are there any individual pyramids in unipyramidal kidneys?

A

no

78
Q

what 4 species can unipyramidal kidneys be found?

A

dog, cat, horse and sheep

79
Q

in all kidney types does the performance and function remain the same?

A

yes

80
Q

how can animals in hot habitats conserve water?

A

able to markedly concentrate urine

81
Q

what does the length of the loop of Henle correlate with?

A

the animals ability to concentrate urine

82
Q

what does a longer loop of Henle lead to? :

A

more concentrated urine

83
Q

in kangaroo rats what structure do the loops of Henle extend into?

A

ureter

84
Q

What are the camels adaptions to water scarcity?

A

increased drinking capacity (RBC can swell up to 200x without haemolysis)
conservation of metabolic water
can survive dehydration with good grazing
minimal sweat glands
long loops of Henle

85
Q

Why can cats manage kidney disease so well?

A

as their kidneys are very efficient

86
Q

how long are ureters in humans?

A

25cm long

87
Q

what are the ureters made of?

A

smooth muscle lined with uroepithelium

88
Q

what sort of epithelium is uroepithelium?

A

transitional

89
Q

how is urine moved into the bladder?

A

by peristalsis

90
Q

why must urine be moved from the kidneys to the bladder by peristalsis?

A

as pressure in the bladder is greater than pressure in the kidneys

91
Q

in humans, what arteries do ureters recruit branches from in order to supply them?

A

renal, gonadal, common illiac and internal illiac

92
Q

what ligament are ureters partly located within in the bitch?

A

broad ligament

93
Q

how do ureters enter the bladder?

A

at an oblique angle

94
Q

What is the broad ligament closely associated with?

A

uterine horns

95
Q

what are kidney stones formed from?

A

aggregate formed from salt crystals

96
Q

how many sets of successive kidneys develop in the mammalian embryo?

A

3

97
Q

what are the names of the 3 successive kidney types in the mammalian embryo?

A

pronephros
mesenephros
metenephros

98
Q

When does the pronephros develop?

A

early, near the neck

99
Q

what develops alongside the pronephros?

A

pronephric duct

100
Q

one the pronephros disappears what happens to the pronephric duct?

A

remains and forms part of the mesenephric duct

101
Q

what develops after the pronephros?

A

mesenephros

102
Q

what develops after the mesenephros?

A

metenephros

103
Q

what is the metenephros the precursor to?

A

adult kidney

104
Q

what structures form near the metenephros?

A

uretric bud and cloaca

105
Q

what will the uretric bud go on to form?

A

ureter, calyxes, collecting duct and collecting tubule

106
Q

what is the function of cloaca?

A

hindgut region where embryo waste is expelled

107
Q

what embryological germ layer is the kidney formed from?

A

intermediate mesoderm

108
Q

what part of the embryo do the successive stages of the kidney develop in?

A

nephric ridge

109
Q

is the pronephron formed more cranially or caudally?

A

cranially

110
Q

what animals have pronephros as adult kidneys?

A

lampreys and hag fishes

111
Q

what animals have a mesenephros as an adult kidneys

A

fish and amphibians

112
Q

what does the mesonephric duct form in adult males?

A

ductus defrens

113
Q

what animals have a metenephric kidney s an adult kidney?

A

reptiles, birds and mammals

114
Q

describe the development from pronephros to metenephros

A

pronephros develops in nephric ridge along with pronephric duct. pronephros starts to disappear, replaced with mesonephros. Mesonephric duct joins to pronephric duct. Metenephros forms from mesenphros and the metenephric duct becomes the ureter.

115
Q

what are 2 developmental issues of the kidneys?

A

horseshoe kidney, unilateral renal hypoplasia

116
Q

what are some potential developmental issues of the ureters?

A

bifid renal pelvis (two present on one side of the body) and bifid ureter (two on one kidney)

117
Q

in the embryo how many different anatomically and chronologically discrete locations does the kidney develop in?

A

3

X Anatomy 1B (5 decks)

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