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X Anatomy 1B > Lower Urinary Tract > Flashcards

Lower Urinary Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the lower urinary tract?

A

bladder and urethra

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2
Q

what is the purpose of the pelvic floor?

A

muscles which contain urine and abdominal organs

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3
Q

What is the bone seen anterior/ventral to the bladder?

A

pelvic symphysis

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4
Q

what type of joint is the pelvic symphysis

A

secondary cartilaginous

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5
Q

what is seen posterially/dorsally in male mammals?

A

ductus defrens, seminal vessels and vesicular glands

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6
Q

where do ureters enter the bladder?

A

posterially/dorsally

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7
Q

Where do the urinary and reproductive tracts meet in the male?

A

prostate gland

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8
Q

through what does urine exit the body in female domestic species?

A

vestibule formed by the joining of urethra and vagina inside the body

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9
Q

where does urine exit the body in female primates?

A

separately from the vagina

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10
Q

where does urine exit the body in male domestic species?

A

through the urethra which is also the exit of the reproductive tract

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11
Q

where does the ductus defrens enter the urethra?

A

at the prostate gland

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12
Q

what is the name of the smooth muscle which forms the bladder?

A

detrusor muscle

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13
Q

what does the thickening of the detrusor muscle around the urethra create?

A

internal urethral sphincter

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14
Q

what type of muscle is the detrusor?

A

smooth

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15
Q

how is the bladder voided?

A

contraction of the detrusor muscle

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16
Q

what part of the nervous system is the detrusor muscle under the control of?

A

ANS

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17
Q

What are rugae?

A

folds of mucosa which expand when the bladder distends

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18
Q

what are the rugae formed of?

A

mucosa

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19
Q

what is the bladder, ureters and urethra lined with?

A

urothelium

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20
Q

what type of epithelium is uroepithelium?

A

transitional

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21
Q

what happens to the bladder walls as it distends?

A

walls become smoother and thinner

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22
Q

what is the trigone formed of?

A

ureteric orifices and internal urethral meatus

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23
Q

what is there less of in the trigone?

A

rugae

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24
Q

where are most of the distention sensors found in the bladder and why?

A

trigone as there are fewer rugae and so less distention possible. This provides a braking system for bladder filling.

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25
Q

what is the external urethral sphincter formed of?

A

skeletal muscle

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26
Q

is the external urethral sphincter under voluntary control?

A

yes

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27
Q

what nerve is the external urethral spinctor innervated by?

A

pudendal nerve

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28
Q

what is the function of ureters entering the bladder at an oblique angle?

A

acts as a sphincter to prevent reflux of urine

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29
Q

what is the function of the levator ani in quadrupeds?

A

prevents abdominal contents moving backwards and outwards of the body during periods of increased intrabdominal pressure

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30
Q

what is the function of the levator ani muscle in humans?

A

supports external urethral sphincter and bladder

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31
Q

what are the two parts of the perineum?

A

pelvic diaphragm and urogenital diaphragm

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32
Q

what does the perineum form in humans?

A

pelvic floor

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33
Q

what does the perineum form in quadrupeds?

A

pelvic outlet

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34
Q

in quadrupeds what is the pelvic floor formed from?

A

pelvic girdle (pelvic symphysis)

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35
Q

What artery supplies the bladder?

A

internal illiac artery

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36
Q

what vein drains the bladder?

A

internal illiac vein

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37
Q

what are the 2 parts of the urethra in males?

A

pelvic urethra and penile urethra

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38
Q

what are the two subsections of the pelvic urethra in males?

A

prostatic urethra and membranous urethra

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39
Q

where is the prostatic urethra found?

A

through prostate

40
Q

what is the name of the muscle which controls the external urethral sphincter?

A

urethralis muscle

41
Q

what type of muscle is the external urethral sphincter made of?

A

skeletal muscle

42
Q

what does the external urethral sphincter surround?

A

proximal urethra

43
Q

what nerve innervates the external urethral sphincter?

A

pudendal nerve

44
Q

what is the function of the external urethral sphincter?

A

contract and retain urine

45
Q

where is the penile (spongy) urethra found?

A

through the penis

46
Q

what does the prostatic urethra receive alongside the ureters?

A

ejaculatory ducts and prostatic ducts

47
Q

where does the membranous urethra run through?

A

external urethral sphincter

48
Q

where does the penile (spongy) urethra run through?

A

corpus spongiosum of the penis

49
Q

where does the penile urethra open?

A

external urethral meatus on tip of glans

50
Q

what is the main function of the male urethra?

A

conveys urine and semen out of the body

51
Q

what prevents retrograde ejaculation?

A

thickened bladder neck

52
Q

what type of muscle is the urethra made up of?

A

smooth muscle

53
Q

how long is the male urethra in a human?

A

20cm

54
Q

what is the function of the female urethra?

A

conveys urine out of the body

55
Q

how long is the female urethra in a human?

A

4cm

56
Q

what type of epithelium is found at the end of the urethra?

A

stratified squamous epithelium to protect from abrasion

57
Q

why is UTI so common in females?

A

proximity of anus and short length of urethra

58
Q

where does the female urethra run in quadrupeds?

A

caudally on pelvic floor

59
Q

where does the urethra open in female quadrupeds?

A

ventrally at the junction of the vagina and the vestibule

60
Q

what is the width and length of the urethra in quadrupeds?

A

varies largely between species

61
Q

what embryological tissue does the bladder and urethra derive from?

A

endoderm

62
Q

what is the cloaca the common opening for?

A

urinary, GI and reproductive systems

63
Q

what does the cloaca divide into?

A

urinary sinus and anal canal

64
Q

what does the urinary sinus form?

A

bladder and urethra

65
Q

what is the allantois?

A

extension of the developing urinary tract through the umbilicus to the placenta

66
Q

what is the allantois used for?

A

waste disposal in utero

67
Q

when does the allantois close in quadrupeds?

A

at birth

68
Q

when does the allantois close in humans?

A

develops into urachus and then closes

69
Q

What has happened in the urogenital system by week 8 of gestation?

A

complete separation between gut and urogenital tracts

70
Q

when does the urachus occlude?

A

when the bladder is formed

71
Q

what is patent urachus?

A

urachus remains open and so urine drains from the umbilicus as well as the urethra

72
Q

what happens to the urachus in normal development?

A

closes and forms fibrous tissue

73
Q

what is urachal diverticuli?

A

only half of the urachus closes leaving a pouch which leaves the individual with frequent/constant urine infections

74
Q

how is the bladder innervated?

A

sensory stretch receptors
parasympathetic
sympathetic
somatic (motor nerves)

75
Q

where does sensory information come from in the bladder?

A

stretch receptors

76
Q

what nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system innervates the bladder?

A

pelvic splanchnic nerve

77
Q

what is the effect of the parasympathetic pelvic splanchnic nerve?

A

motor contraction of the detrusor and relaxes internal sphincter

78
Q

what is the role of the parasympathetic pelvic splanchnic nerve?

A

micturition

79
Q

what nerve of the sympathetic nervous system is involved in continence?

A

hypogastric nerves

80
Q

what is the role of the sympathetic hypogastric nerves?

A

relaxes (inhibits) detrusor and contracts internal sphincter

81
Q

what are the sympathetic hypogastric nerves in control of?

A

continence

82
Q

what somatic nerve innervates the bladder?

A

pudendal nerve

83
Q

what effect does the pudendal nerve have have on the bladder?

A

motor control of external sphincter

84
Q

what happens when the bladder begins to fill?

A

stretch receptors in the trigone trigger visceral afferent receptors which travel to the sacral region of the spinal cord in pelvic nerves

85
Q

where does parasympathetic motor innervation of the bladder come from?

A

sacral region of the spinal cord in pelvic nerves

86
Q

what does parasympathetic innervation of the bladder lead to?

A

contraction of detrusor muscle

inhibits/relaxes internal urethral sphincter

87
Q

how does continence work by sympathetic innervation?

A

relaxes detrusor muscle

contracts internal urethral sphincter

88
Q

how does continence work via voluntary/somatic control?

A

tone in external urethral sphincter

innervated by pudendal nerve

89
Q

when does the control of micturation arise in different species?

A

different times depending on species, some never develop control of micturation

90
Q

how does the brain become aware of the bladder filling?

A

afferents synapse with neurons which pass up cords into the brain

91
Q

what do descending neurones cause when urination is appropriate?

A

increased parasympathetic signals to the bladder cause detrusor to contract and internal urethral sphincter to relax
inhibited pudendal nerve signals causes the external urethral sphincter to relax

92
Q

what do descending neurones cause when urination is not appropriate?

A

inhibition of parasympathetic signals/increase in sympathetic signals to the bladder causing the detrusor to relax and internal urethral sphincter contracts
increased pudendal nerve signaling causing external urethral sphincter to contract

93
Q

what are the 3 types of incontinence?

A

overflow
stress
urge

94
Q

what is overflow continence caused by?

A

urethral blockage causing the bladder to empty properly

95
Q

what is stress incontinence caused by?

A

a relaxed pelvic floor causing release of urine under increased abdominal pressure

96
Q

what is urge incontinence caused by?

A

bladder over sensitivity to urination causing near constant need to urinate with little result

X Anatomy 1B (5 decks)

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