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Clinical Pathology > Upper Respiratory Tract Infections > Flashcards

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main normal flora of the URT?

A
  • Strep viridans
  • Commensal neisseria spp
  • Anaerobes
  • Diphtheroids
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2
Q

What respiratory pathogens that might be carried asymptomatically but can become problems

A

S Pneumonia
H influenza
Moraxella catarrhalis
S pyogenes

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3
Q

What is the main cause of the common cold?

A

Rhino virus - do not give antibiotics

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4
Q

What is rhinosinisitus?

A

facial pain, nasal blockage, reduced smell

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5
Q

What is the main cause of rhinosinisitis?

A

Post viral infection

(2nd bacteria = H influenzae, S pneu.

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6
Q

What can chronic rhinositius develop into?

A

Meningitis, osteomyelitis

Brain abcess

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7
Q

Whats the main cause for pharyngitis/tonsilitis?

A

VIRUSES

  • RSV
  • Influenza
  • EBV
  • HSV1
  • Adenovirus
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8
Q

Bacterial cause of tonsillitis/pharygitis?

A
  • S Pyrogenes

- N gonorrhoea (rare)

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9
Q

What can group A strep infections cause in young children?

A

Scarlet fever
Rheumatic fever
Glomerulonephritis

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10
Q

How do you treat group A strep infections?

A

Penecillin

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11
Q

What condition does EBV cause?

A

Glandular fever

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12
Q

What complication can arise from glandular fever?

A

Splenomegaly - avoid contact sports

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13
Q

What antibiotic should EBV suffers avoid and why?

A

Ampicillin ‘mac-pap rash’ (not allergy, just reaction)

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of glandular fever?

A 
-fever
sore throat (peritonsillar access)
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15
Q

What is the bacterium that causes diphtheria?

A

C. diptheriae

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of diphtheria?

A

Non-specific

17
Q

What complications does diphtheria cause?

A

Airway obstruction
Myocarditis
Neuropathy
lung infection (respiratory failure or pneumonia)

18
Q

What condition is prominent in young children and marked by fever, irritability, ‘hot potato’ speech, stridor, hoarse voice

A

epiglottis (cheery red) - airway obstruction

19
Q

What is the organism that causes epiglottis?

A

H influenzae type B prior to immunisation

After immunisation - respiratory bacteria and S areus

20
Q

What is characterised by a hoarse husky voice, globes pharynges (lump in throat), fever, myalgia, dysphagia?

A

Laryngitis

21
Q

What is the main cause of laryngitis? Any other causes?

A

Viral (sometimes bacterial)

Voice abuse, malignancy

22
Q

What is the technical name for croup?

A

Laryngotracheobronchitis

23
Q

What is the cause of croup?

A

Parainfluenza

24
Q

What condition is mainly caused by bordetella pertussis?

A

Whooping cough

- NOTIFIABLE DISEASE

25
Q

Name the 2 phases of whooping cough

A

Initial catarrhal phase - runny nose, fever, malaise

Whoop phase (week later) dry non productive cough, short bursts on exhalation then inspiratory gasp

26
Q

What is the treatment for whooping cough?

A

Erythromycin

27
Q

What is otitis external?

A

Infection of the outer ear

Out ear = skin/soft tissue but small space, therefore, prone to infection of skin

28
Q

What are the signs of otitis external

A

erythema (redness), otorrhoea (discharge)

29
Q

What is acute otitis external cause by?

A

S areus (skin) and pseudomonas (swimming)

30
Q

What is chronic otitis external?

A

Irritation from drainage of perforated eardrum

31
Q

What should you avoid taking with chronic otitis media?

A

Amino glycosides - resistance and sensitisation with repeated use. Also can cause deafness with perforated tympanic membranes

32
Q

Why is otitis external malignant life threatening

A

Can invade deep areas i.e. temporal bone, skull, meninges, braim

33
Q

What is the organisms that mainly causes otitis external malignant

A

pseudonomas aeruginosa

34
Q

Is otitis media mainly caused by viral or bacterial infections? And what organisms?

A

VIRAL
H influenzae
M Catarharris
S pneumoniae

35
Q

What is the first line of treatment for mastoiditis?

A

Co-amoxiclav

Clinical Pathology (50 decks)

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