Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Pathology > Disorders of the female genital tract 2 Uterus and ovaries > Flashcards

Disorders of the female genital tract 2 Uterus and ovaries Flashcards

1
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

Ectopic presence of endometrium stroma/glands in other sites (mostly fallopian tubes/ovaries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the clinical characteristics of endometriosis?

A

Stroma/glands are subject to hormone induced haemorrhagic breakdown -

  • dysmenorrhea
  • pain with sex (fibrosis), -pelvic pain
  • infertility
  • pain passing stool
  • dysuria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the pathogenesis of endometriosis?

A

Ectopic endometrium (regurgitation of menses through fallopian tube and to other places) -> haemorrhage (subject to same hormone-induced changes in endometrium -> fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is endometriosis investigated?

A

Laparoscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the treatment of endometriosis?

A
  • Oral contraceptive pill
  • GnRH agonist/antagonist
  • Progesterone antagonist
  • Surgery (Want to be fertile - remove ectopic sites; hysterectomy if not)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the usual causes for acute endometritis?

A

Retained contraceptive products/ instrumentation

Complicated labour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the associated histological findings of acute endometritis?

A

Neutrophils in the stroma/manifestations of acute inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the main causes of chronic endometritis?

A
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease
  • TB/Chlamydia
  • Inter uterine contraceptive device infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the histological findings of chronic endometritis?

A

Lymphocytes/plasma cels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the symptoms/signs associated with endometritis?

A
  • Abdominal pain
  • Dysuria
  • Vaginal discharge
  • Abnormal vaginal bleeds
  • Pyrexia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the treatment for endometritis?

A

Analgesia
Antibiotics
Remove cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are endometrial polyps?

A

Sessile/polypoidal uterine overgrowths that are oestrogen dependent

Occur in 10% women (40-50s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the symptoms of endometrial polyps

A
  • Can be asymptomatic
  • Inter-menstrual bleeding
  • postmenopausal bleeding
  • Dysmenorrhoea
  • Menorrhagia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How are endometrial polyps diagnosed?

A

Ultrasound

Hysteroscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the treatment for endometrial polyps?

A

GnRH agonist/progesterone

Surgical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are leiomyomata (uterine fibroids)?

A

Benign myometrial tumours with oestrogen and progesterone dependent growth

Usually gone after menopause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the main risk factors for leiyomata (uterine fibroids)?

A 
Anything that increase oestrogen production! 
Genetic
Nulliparity (not having kids)
PCOS
Obesity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the main symptoms for leiomyomata? (uterine fibroids)

A
  • Asymptomatic (can be)
  • Menometrorrhagia (painful, heavy bleeds - result in anaemia)
  • Infertility
  • Problems with pregnancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the treatment for leiomyomata (uterine fibroids)?

A

Dependent on age (regress post menopause)

  • IUS
  • NSAIDs
  • Oral combined contraceptive pill/progesterone

Surgical - artery embolization, ablation, hysterectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia and whats it caused by?

A

Excess proliferation of endometrium

Caused by increased oestrogen and reduced progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the risk factors for endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Obesity
PCOS
Oestrogen producing tumours
Exogenous oestrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How are endometrial hyperplasia categorised?

A

Non-atypical hyperplasia (low risk of turning malignant)

Atypical hyperplasia (high risk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the signs of endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Abnormal bleeding (inter menstrual bleeds, post coital bleeds, post menopausal bleeds)

24
Q

What are the investigations that should be performed for endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Ultrasound

Biopsy

25
Q

What is the treatment for endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Medical (ICU, progesterone)

Surgical - hysterectomy

26
Q

What can endometrial hyperplasia progress to?

A

Endometrial carcinoma (adenocarcinoma) - histological seen as increased gland to storm ratio

27
Q

What are the two types of endometrial carcinoma?

A

Type I (endometroid) and type II (serous)

28
Q 
What are the characteristics of type I endometrial carcinoma?
Incidence
Age
Pre-existing state
Mutations 
Oestrogen status
Grades
A 
Most common
Younger (pre menopause)
Endometrial hyperplasia
PTEN mutation
Oestrogen positive
Grade I - 3
29
Q 
What are the characteristics of type II endometrial carcinoma?
Incidence
Age
Pre-existing state
Mutations 
Oestrogen status
Grades
A 
Rarer
Older post menopausal
Endometrial atrophy
P53 mutation
Oestrogen negative
Grade 3
30
Q

What symptoms are associated with endometrial carcinoma?

A

Post menopausal bleeding

Intermenstrual bleeding

31
Q

How are endometrial carcinomas staged?

A

FIGO staging (1-4)

32
Q

What is the treatment for endometrial carcinoma?

A

Progesterone
Hysterectomy
Chemotherapy

33
Q

What are the 3 cardinal signs of polycystic ovary syndrome? (aka ROTTERDAM CRITERIA)

A

Hyerandrogenim
Menstrual abnormalities
Polycystic ovaries

Need 2 out of 3 for POS to be diagnosed!

34
Q

What biochemical markers is POS associated with?

A

Increased testosterone DHEAS and LH

Reduced FSH

35
Q

How is POS treated?

A
  • Weight loss (ass with obesity)
  • Combined oral contraceptive pill
  • Metformin (diabetes meds)
  • Ovarian drilling
36
Q

What is primary gonadal failure? What is it characterised by?

A

Hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism (PRIMARY FAILURE)

Increased LH and FSH (failure of ovaries despite increased stimulation)

37
Q

What are the causes of primary gonadal failure?

A

Congenital - Turners and Klinefelters syndorme

Acquired - infection, surgery, chemotherapy

38
Q

What are the characteristics of secondary of the gonads? What is it characterised by?

A

Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism

  • Failure of pit gland/hypothalamus (low LH/FSH)
39
Q

What are the causes go secondary gonadal failure (hypogonadatrophic hypogonadism)

A
  • Sheeran’s syndrome
  • Pit tumours
  • Brain injury
  • PCOS
40
Q

What are the presentations of gonadal failure (primary and secondary)

A

Amenorrhea/absent menarche

  • reduced sex hormones
  • Delayed puberty
  • +/- FSH/LH levels
41
Q

What is the treatment for gonadal failure?

A

HRT

42
Q

What are the three types of ovarian neoplasms?

A
  • Surface epithelium stromal tumours **
  • Germ cell tumours
  • Sex-cord stromal tumour
43
Q

What are the three types of epithelial stromal tumours (ovarian neoplasms)?

A

Mucionous
Serous
Endometrial

Can be benign, borderline or malignant

44
Q

How are beinign endometrial stromal tumours in the ovary classified if they are more..

  • Cystic
  • Fibrous
  • Both cystic and fibrous
A
  • Cystadenomas
  • Adenofribroma
  • Cystadenofibromas
45
Q

What are malignant epithelial tumours known as?

A

Cystoadenocarcinomas

46
Q

What are the two types of germs cell tumours?

A

Germinous e.g. dysgerminomas - oogonia, malignant, responsive to chemo

Non-germinous e.g. teratomas,yolk sac tumours, choriocarcinomas

47
Q

What are the two types of teratomas?

A

Mature - multiple structure e.g. hair, teeth (multiple germs layers) - BENIGN

Immature - MALIGNANT - abnormal foetal/embryological tissue

48
Q

What are yolk sac tumours?

A

Differentiate into extra embryological yolk sac - malignant, responsive to chemo

49
Q

What are choricoadenomas

A

Differentiate toward placenta - malignant but NOT responsive to chemo

50
Q

What are the sex chord stromal tumours comprised of?

A

Thecomas/fibromas/fibrothecoma - produce oestrogen, spindle appearance

Granuloma cell tumours - low grade, produces oestrogen

Sertoli (sperm, FSH) -leydig (testosterone, LH) tumours - produces androgens

51
Q

What are the risk factors of ovarian cancer?

A 
Family history
Age
Smoking
Breast cancer (PMH)
Oestrogen only HRT
Obesity
Pull parity
52
Q

What are the symptoms of ovarian cancer?

A

Very non-specific - pain, bloating, weight loss

53
Q

How is ovarian cancer staged?

A

FIGO

54
Q

What is the treatment for ovarian cancer?

A 
Chemo
Omentectomy
Appendectomy
Lympadenectomy
Hysterectomy
55
Q

What are the most common places where mullein metastatic tumours occur?

A

GI tract
Breast
Melanoma
Kidney/lung (less common)

Clinical Pathology (50 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions