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Clinical Pathology > CNS Infections > Flashcards

CNS Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What is meningitis?

A

Infection of CSF

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2
Q

What are the clinical features of meningitis?

A
  • Usually viral but can be bacterial

ACUTE fever, headache, neckstiffness, +/- rash, conscious (no focal neurological signs)

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3
Q

What is encephalitis?

A

Infection of brain tissue

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4
Q

What are the clinical features of encephalitis?

A
  • Usually viral
    ACUTE fever, headache, neck stiffness
  • altered conscious level, focal neurological signs, seizures
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5
Q

What is a brain access?

A

Access in the brain (usually bacterial but can be parasitic)

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6
Q

What are the clinical features of a brain access?

A

+/- altered consciousness, focal neurological signs, insidious (gradual) fever, neck stiffness, headache

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7
Q

What routes can microorganisms invasion occur via?

A
  • Direct spread from adjacent focus e.g. paranasal sinus, middle ear
  • Blood borne spread e.g. septicaemia, septic emboli (endocarditis)
  • Iatrogenic spread e.g. via lumbar puncture
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8
Q

What is pachymeningitis?

A

Spread of infection from skull

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9
Q

What is leptomeningitis?

A

Spread of infection from blood

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of CSF with bacterial infection?

A
  • Increased cells in CSF (polymorphs)
  • Reduced/absent glucose
  • Increased protein
  • Opaque/turbid appearance
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11
Q

What are the characteristics of CSF with fungal infection (e.g. cryptococcus)?

A

Increased number of cells (lymphocytes)

  • Normal or reduced glucose
  • Increased protein
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12
Q

What are the most important organisms in bacterial meningitis?

A

Neonates: E. Coli, listeria monocytogenes, Group B Strep (e.g. agalactiae), H influenzae

2-18yrs: Neisseria meningitides

Over 30yrs/immunocompromised: Strep Pneumoniae

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13
Q

What are the clinical complications of bacterial meningitis?

A
  • Cerebral infarction
  • Obstructive hydrocephalus
  • Cerebral abscess
  • Epilepsy
  • Long term problems e.g. deafness, seizures,, delayed development
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14
Q

What are the CSF characteristics of TB meningitis infection?

A

Increased Lymphocyte cells
Reduced glucose
Increased proteins
Subacute meningitis (mild inflammation)

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15
Q

What are the clinical features of TB meningitis? What is the treatment?

A

Thick gelatinous exudate
Non specific symptoms
Anti-TB chemotherapy

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16
Q

What are the main fungal infections that cause meningitis? What type of patients are suavely affected?

A

Immunocompromised patients

  • Cryptococcus neoformins
  • Candida albicans
  • Aspergillus fumigatus

Clinical Pathology (50 decks)

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