Upper Respiratory Tract and Chest Wall

Question 1

Describe the 4 paranasal sinuses

Answer 1

Frontal sinuses - most superior
Sphenoidal sinuses - open into the roof of nasal cavity
Ethmoid sinuses - Fill ethmoidal labyrinth
Maxillary sinuses - largest paranasal sinuses fill maxillae

Question 2

Describe the nasolacrimal duct

Answer 2

Drains from the conjunctival sac of the eye into the nasal cavity

Question 3

What two structures communicate with each other via the auditory tube?

Answer 3

Pharyngotympic tube - connects to the middle ear cavity and nasopharynx
Aerates middle ear system and clear mucus into the nasopharynx

Question 4

What are the three sets of tonsils?

Answer 4

Pharangeal
Palatine
Lingual

Question 5

What defines the lateral borders of the laryngeal inlet?

Answer 5

Two folds of mucous membrane - the aryepiglottic folds - extends down and backwards to paired arytenoid cartilages of the larynx

Question 6

What is the rims glottidis?

Answer 6

Opening between the true vocal cords and the arytenoid cartilages of the larynx

Question 7

What pair of folds are involved in phonation?

Answer 7

Vestibular fold (false vocal cord) and vocal fold

Question 8

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

Answer 8

T1-T12

Question 9

What thoracic vertebrae are typical and atypical? - describe the difference

Answer 9

Typical - T1 - T9 - Heart shaped vertebral body, long spinous process and circular vertebrae
Atypical - T10 - T12 - has three sites for articulation with ribs on each side - two demifacets and one oval facet

Question 10

Describe T1’s articulation to the cervical vertebrae

Answer 10

Does not articulate

Question 11

Describe how to recognise what side of the body a rib is articulated too

Answer 11

• Tubercle is superior and posterior

- Position of costal groove

Question 12

What ribs are atypical and why?

Answer 12

1 - shorter and wider, 1 facet and two grooves for subclavian
2 - Thinner and longer than rib 1
10 - One facet
11 + 12 - No neck, one facet, doesn’t articulate with the transverse process of thoracic vertebrae - floating ribs

Question 13

What are true, false and floating ribs?

Answer 13

True ribs - First 7 ribs attach to sternum in the front
False ribs - lower 5 ribs don’t directly connect to the sternum
Floating ribs - do not join the sternum

Question 14

From which vessels do intercostal arteries arise?

Answer 14

Subclavian artery -

- supreme intercostal artery - musculophrenic + superior epigastric

Question 15

Where do the intercostal veins drain?

Answer 15

Anteriorly - musculophrenic and internal thoracic veins
Posteriorly - First drains into vertebral vein or brachiocephalic
Others - azygous vein and hemi azygous

Question 16

Where would a thoracocentesis be performed?

Answer 16

Upper edge of rib between rib 7 and 8