Upper Respiratory system Flashcards
Respiratory system function (5)
provide O2 Remove CO2 Blood pH Sound/Speech Olfaction
Nose and Nasal cavity function (4)
- Houses special sense of smell
- Filter, warms and moistens inhaled air
- Mucus traps bacteria and particulates
- Servies as a resonance chamber for speech
Skeleton of the nose
Palatine Maxilla Ethmoid Vomer Chonae
bones forming hard plate
Palatine
Maxilla
bones forming nasal septum
Ethmoid
Vomer
Kiessalbach’s area
anastomosis of several blood vessels on nasal septum
Epistaxis
Nosebleeds
Conchae
aka turbinates (superior, middle, inferior) force air through small holes and increases surfaces area of which air contacts epithelium
superior nasal cavity lined by
olfactory epithelium
Rest of nasal cavity covered by
respiratory epithelium
Nasal cavity connects with (4)
Paranasal sinuses
Oral cavity
Eyes
Ears
Paranasal sinus function
help humidify air
increase surface area of respiratory mucosa
make skull lighter
Parasnasal sinuses
small air sacs in frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones
Rhinitis/Sinusitis
inflammation of the nasal cavity (rhinitis) and paranasal sinuses (sinusitis)
sinusitis causes headaches
Most commonly infected sinus
Maxillary Sinus
Only sinus up against gravity
Pharynx (throat) three segments
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx border
superior border: sphenoid
inferior border: soft palate
Oropharynx border
superior border: soft palate
inferior border: epiglottis/base of tongue
Laryngopharynx border
superior border: epiglottis
inferior border: inferior end of cricoid cartilage
Larynx function 3*
keeps food out of respiratory tract
functions as respiratory pathway
serves as the voicebox
Laryngeal cartilages 4 types
Epiglottis: folds over larynx during swallowing to revent food from entering respiratory system.
Thyroid: large in front and side; deficient posteriorly. Forms Adam’s apple.
Cricoid: ring-shaped, only cartilage that wraps completely around windpipe.
Arytenoids: pyramid-shaped cartilages on top of cricoid (see next slide). Attach to vocal cords.
Epiglottis (cartilage)
flap of elastic cartilage
When swallowing, laryngeal inlet is covered by epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
incomeplete ring
forms adam’s apple (laryngeal prominance)
posterior aspect: superior and inferior ends are called horns
hangs from hyoid bone via thyrohyoid ligament
Cricoid cartilage
forms complete ring
ringarch anterior, signet posterior
most inferior cartilage
Arytenoid cartilages
small, paired, pyramid shaped
attach to vocal ligaments
muscles attach to arytenoids for movement of vocal cords.
Vestibular ligament (false vocal cords)
- Attach arytenoid cartilages to back of thyroid cartilage.
- Help epiglottis to close off larynx during swallowing.
- Play a very minor role in phonation…unless you’re a
Tibetan throat singer or Hollywood villain!
Vocal ligaments (true vocal cords)
- Attach vocal process of arytenoid cartilages to back wall of thyroid cartilage.
- Sound is made when air passes over vocal folds.
Rima glottis
space between vocal folds and arytenoid cartilages
Movement of vocal cords
cords abducted - screaming
cords adducted - whispering
cords adducted incompletely - talking
Muscle groups that move vocal folds
Vocal fold abductors (open rima glottidis): Increase volume (louder)
Vocal fold adductors (close rima glottidis): Decrease volume (quieter)
Vocal fold looseners (lower pitch)
Vocal fold tighteners (higher pitch)
Posterior Cricoarytenoid muscles
open rima glottis (abduct vocal cords)
louder
Transverse arytenoid muscles
Adduct arytenoid cartilages
quieter
Lateral Cricoarytenoid muscles
Close rima glottis (adduct vocal cords)
quieter
Vocalis and thyroarytenoid muscles
pull arytenoids closer to thyroid cartilage to loosen vocal ligaments
lower pitch
Cricothyroid muscles
pull thyroid downward and anteriorly away from arytenoids which tightens vocal cords
higher pitch
