Lower respiratory tract

Question 1

Pleurae

Answer 1

fluid-filled (serous) sacs that surround each lung.

Question 2

Visceral pleura

Answer 2

part of pleura covering lungs

Question 3

Parietal pleura

Answer 3

part of pleura not covering lungs

adjacent to body wall

Question 4

Pleural cavity

Answer 4

Potential space between parietal and visceral layers filled with a small amount (20 ml) of serous fluid.

Question 5

Pressure of pleural cavity is always _____ than

atmospheric pressure.

Answer 5

lower

Question 6

Collapsed lung (pneumothorax)

Answer 6

Because there is low pressure within the pleural cavity, air or
liquid will readily enter this space. This increases the
pressure of the pleural cavity, causing the lung to collapse
due to it’s inherent elasticity.

Question 7

lungs separated by

Answer 7

mediastium

Question 8

lobes of lung

Answer 8

right = 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior)
left = 2 lobes (superior, inferior)

Question 9

lung lobes are separated by ____

Answer 9

fissures (oblique, horizontal)

Question 10

Hilum

Answer 10

located on the mediastinal surface of each lung.
It is where the parietal and visceral pleura meet, and all
structures enter and exit the lung.

Question 11

Structures at hilum (3)

Answer 11

Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary veins
Air passages (bronchi)

Question 12

Pulmonary Emboli

Answer 12

•Most (95%) originate in deep leg veins.
•Causes: stasis (bed rest), trauma, or
coagulation disorders.
• Symptoms: dyspnea, lightheadedness, tachycardia

Question 13

Consequences of a large capillary bed

Answer 13

Pulmonary Emboli, Metastasis

Question 14

Metastases:

Answer 14

about 30% of malignant tumors
originating outside of lung get lodged in, and hence
invade into, the lung.
• Include salivary gland, thyroid, breast, kidney, colon,
uterine, bladder, ovarian, and prostate.

Question 15

The Bronchial Tree

Answer 15

Trachea
Primary (main) bronchi
Secondary (lobar) bronchi
Tertiary (segmental) bronchi
~Conducting bronchioles~
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveoli

Question 16

Trachea

Answer 16

• C-shaped cartilaginous rings.
• Posterior part has no cartilage. Replaced by trachealis muscle (adjacent to esophagus)
• Ridge of cartilage at inferior aspect of trachea = carina.
• Splits into primary bronchi.

Question 17

Primary Bronchi

Answer 17

• One to each lung. Enters lungs at hilum. Contains cartilage like trachea.
• Right bronchus: shorter, wider,and more vertical vs left.

Question 18

Secondary (Lobar) Bronchi

Answer 18

• Each lobe is supplied by a secondary bronchus.

* Three in right lung, Two in left lung

Question 19

Tertiary (Segmental) Bronchi

Answer 19

• Each lung has 10 tertiary bronchi.
• Each tertiary bronchus supplies a bronchopulmonary segment: an anatomical unit with own pulmonary
artery and tertiary bronchus.
• Can surgically resect while leaving other segments intact.

Question 20

bronchopulmonary segment

Answer 20

an anatomical unit with own pulmonary

artery and tertiary bronchus.

Question 21

Bronchioles:

Answer 21

loss of cartilage, gain of smooth muscle.
Many divisions until reach terminal bronchioles (end of
conducting zone).
Respiratory zone includes respiratory bronchioles and alveoli.

Question 22

External respiration

Answer 22

O2 diffuses from alveolus to capillary; CO2 diffuses from capillary to alveolus.

Question 23

Emphysema - COPD

Answer 23

Damage to alveolar walls & loss of lung elasticity.
Difficulty breathing, cannot exhale completely.
Barrel chested.Culprit: tobacco smoke, pollutants, mining.

Question 24

Parasympathetic on airway

Answer 24

smooth muscle contraction = bronchial constriction, mucus secretion

Question 25

Sympathetic on airway

Answer 25

smooth muscle relaxation = bronchial dilation

Question 26

Asthma

Answer 26

Bronchospasm, inflammation causing bronchiole constriction
Constricted bronchiole, mucus secretion
Many inhalers act by simulating the sympathetic nervous system to cause bronchodilation and reduce mucus secretion

Question 27

the diaphragm is located between

Answer 27

thoracic and abdominal cavities.

Question 28

Contraction of the diaphragm

Answer 28

(flattening of the parachute)

increases volume of thoracic cavity (inspiraton).

Question 29

Relaxation of the diaphragm

Answer 29

(passive) resumes its parachut shape, and decreases volume of thoracic cavity (expiration).

Question 30

Hiccups - synchronous diaphragmatic flutter

Answer 30

Involuntary, spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm, interrupted by closure of the rima glottitis (voice box).