Upper Respiratory Infections

Question 1

Group of disorders characterized by the inflammation and irritation of the mucous membrane of the nose

Answer 1

Rhinitis

Question 2

Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity

Answer 2

Rhinosinusitis

Question 3

Location of Sinus pain

Answer 3

1. Frontal sinus - localized to supraorbital area
2. Ethmoid sinus - deep to eye
3. Maxillary sinus - referred to teeth

Question 4

4 Nasal sinuses

Answer 4

1. Frontal sinus
2. Sphenoid sinus
3. Ethmoid sinus
4. Maxillary sinus

Question 5

Typical pathogen of Acute Rhinosinusitis

Answer 5

1. Streptococcus pneumoniae
2. Haemophilus influenzae
3. Staphylococcus aureus
4. Moraxella catarrhalis

Question 6

Drug of choice for rhinosinusitis

Answer 6

Augmentin

Question 7

Rhinosinusitis: if allergic to penicillin, what would be the drug of choice?

Answer 7

Vibramycin

Question 8

Other antibiotics for rhinosinusitis

Answer 8

1. Levofloxacin
2. Cefuroxime
3. Cefixime

Question 9

Surgical interventions for Rhinosinusitis

Answer 9

1. Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS)
2. Caldwell-Luc (radical antrum operation)
3. Transnasal, external, or transantral ethmoidectomy
4. Frontal sinus surgery
5. Sphenoid sinus surgery

Question 10

aka “nosebleed”

Answer 10

Epistaxis

Question 11

Caused by the rupture of tiny, distended vessels in the mucous membrane of any area of the nose

Answer 11

Epistaxis

Question 12

3 major arteries for Epistaxis

Answer 12

1. Anterior ethmoidal artery
2. Sphenopalatine artery
3. Internal maxillary branches

Question 13

A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of upper airway obstruction and a reduction in ventilation

Answer 13

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Question 14

Obstructive Sleep Apnea: risk factors

Answer 14

1. Postmenopausal status
2. Male
3. Obesity
4. Advance age

Question 15

Clinical manifestations: Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Answer 15

1. Frequent snoring loud
2. Breathing cessation for 10 seconds or longer for at least 5 episodes/hour followed by awakening abruptly

Question 16

Surgical management: Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Answer 16

1. Tonsillectomy
2. Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
3. Nasal septoplasty
4. Maxillomandibular surgery

Question 17

Painful inflammation of the pharynx; “sore throat”

Answer 17

Pharyngitis

Question 18

Risk factors: Pharyngitis

Answer 18

1. Tobacco and alcohol
2. With chronic cough
3. Dusty environment
4. Usage of thin voice excessively

Question 19

Acute infection of the tonsils, usually caused by streptococcus

Answer 19

Tonsillitis

Question 20

Infection of the adenoids, frequently accompanies acute tonsillitis

Answer 20

Adenoiditis

Question 21

Inflammation of the larynx, often course as a result of voice abuse or exposure to dust, chemicals, smoke, or other pollutants

Answer 21

Laryngitis

Question 22

Aphonia

Answer 22

Loss of voice

Question 23

Signs and symptoms: Adenoiditis

Answer 23

1. Mouth breathing
2. Noisy respiration
3. Voice impairment
4. Earache
5. Foul smelling odor

Question 24

Diagnostic findings: Tonsilltis

Answer 24

1. Through physical examination
2. Careful history
3. Tonsil culture

Question 25

Clinical manifestation: Pharyngitis

Answer 25

1. Sore throat
2. Dysphagia
3. Fiery-red pharyngeal membrane tonsils
4. Enlarged and tender cervical lymph nodes
5. Malaise
6. Fever
7. Lymphoid

Question 26

Diagnostic test: Pharyngitis

Answer 26

1. Rapid antigen detection testing
2. Collect specimen from the posterior pharynx