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neuro > Upper Nerve Tracts In Voluntary Movements > Flashcards

Upper Nerve Tracts In Voluntary Movements Flashcards

1
Q

What is it called when the motor system communicates between levels?

A

Serial organization

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2
Q

What is it called when there are multiple pathways between each level?

A

Parallel organization

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3
Q

What is critically important in understanding the various dysfunctions that can result from damage to the motor system?

A

Parallel orginaization

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4
Q

What is it when paralysis is actually relatively rare, produced by damage to the lowest level of the hierarchy.

A

Parallel processing

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5
Q

What pathways arise from multiple regions of the brain and send axons down the spinal cord that innervate interneurons and Alpha motor neurons directly?

A

Depending motor pathways.

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6
Q

What provides motor signals from the cortex to the lower motor neurons?

A

Upper motor neurons

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7
Q

What UMN pathway contains nerves from the cortex, control LMN and interneurons directly?

A

Direct

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8
Q

What UMN contains nerves from the cortex, controls LMN and interneurons indirectly.

A

Indirect

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9
Q

What system controls MN and interneurons in the spinal cord?

A

Corticospinal

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10
Q

what system controls the brain stem (CN neuclei) ?

A

Corticobulbar

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11
Q

What are the 3 regions UMN follow and synapse to MN pools?

A

Medial tract
Lateral tract
Nonspecific

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12
Q

What tracts come from the brainstem and innervate median pools for postural and girdle muscles?

A

Medial

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13
Q

What tracts come from lateral pools and innervate muscles of the face, neck and distal limb (skilled movements)?

A

Lateral

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14
Q

What tracts terminate throughout the ventral cord, contribute to background levels of excitation influencing reflexes
(Adjusting and influencing the other two tracts)?

A

Nonspecific

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15
Q

What are the 2 pathways UMN axons from the brain and brainstem that descend on?

A

Lateral and ventromedial pathways

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16
Q

What pathways control direct cortical control (voluntary) movement of distal musculature?

A

Lateral pathways

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17
Q

What pathways control indirect cortical control (reflexive) of proximal girdle musculature?

A

Ventromedial pathways

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18
Q

What is the most important path for voluntary movement?

A

Corticospinal

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19
Q

This pathway arises from the premotor and primary motor cortex and activates individual muscles independently fo others such as moving a single finger?

A

Corticospinal

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20
Q

What pathway controls distal limb muscles?

A

Lateral corticospinal

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21
Q

What pathway controls (minor) trunk and proximal musculature

A

Anterior corticospinal

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22
Q

These pathways starts in the internal capsule, then 90% decussate at the medulla while the other 10% continue down the spinal cord to the segment at which they terminate and cross over to the contralateral side?

A

Lateral and anterior corticospinal

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23
Q

This pathway carry’s motor commands for voluntary movements and innervates distal musculature, directs exquisite movements of the fingers and hands and damage will result in loss of fractionation.

A

Lateral corticospinal

24
Q

This pathway arises in the red nucleus in the midbrain, immediately decussates, mostly terminates in the cervical cord and regulate flexor activity in the arms.

A

Rubrospinal tract

25
Q

This pathway could serve as an alternate route for voluntary moron commands but the function in humans is unclear. It is also thought to play a role in movement velocity and possibly plays a role in transmitting learned motor commands.

A

Rubrospinal tract.

26
Q

WHat pathway controls the cranial nerve neuclei?

A

Corticobulbar pathway

27
Q

THis pathway originates in the premotor and primary motor areas, descends through the internal capsule and terminate bilaterally on interneurons circuits that control the motor nuclei (LMN) in the brainstem.

A

Corticobulbar

28
Q

A lesion of this pathway would allow you to close your hand but not your individual fingers and paralysis on the contralateral side.

A

Lateral corticospinal

29
Q

These pathways use sensory information about balance, visual environment and body position for reflexive balance, posture, locomotion and automatic cross movements.

A

Ventromedial pathways

30
Q

These pathways are in change of head balance, head turning, and postural adjustments.

A

Vestibulospinal

31
Q

This pathway mediates head position changes in response to posture and terminates at all spinal levels above T6.

A

Medial vestibulospinal

32
Q

This pathway excites trunk extensors and terminates at all levels.

A

Lateral vestibulospinal

33
Q

This pathway arises in the superior colliculus, terminate in the upper cervical spinal segments and aids in directing head movements in response to visual stimuli.

A

Tectospinal

34
Q

This Pathway enhances antigravity reflexes (extensors of lower limb) and inhibits flexors (conscious awareness). It also keeps center of gravity over feet to keep you erect.

A

Pontine reticulospinal

35
Q

This pathway liberates flexors from flexor synergy reflex in preparation and during voluntary movements.

A

Medullary reticulospinal

36
Q

What part of the brainstem is in charge of modulators functions mostly directed to the brain including alertness, consciousness and mood modulation

A

Mesencephalic and rostral pons

37
Q

What part of the brainstem integratesfeedback sensory signals with the UMN cerebellum to regulate somatic and visceral LMN pools such as sneezing, yawning, swallowing, gagging and respiration.

A

Caudal pons and medulla

38
Q

These two systems are activated with excessive lambic activity (emotional activation) and do not influence movements directly but alter excitation of spinal interneurons.

A

Locus coeruleus and raphe nucleus

39
Q

WHat pathway would cause a problem moving and grasping objects but not standing in place.

A

Corticospinal tract

40
Q

If you slowly leaned forward, what pathway would cause you to contract your gastrocnemius to correct your pasture?

A

Lateral vestibulospinal tract

41
Q

What plays a critical role in organizing actions, sequencing and developing alternatives

A

The prefrontal cortex

42
Q

What is involved in ensuring that movements are targeted accurately to objects in external space?

A

Posterior parietal cortex

43
Q

Damage to this structure results in inability to make complex coordinated movements (apraxia)

A

Posterior parietal cortex

44
Q

This structure plans and selects appropriate goals for particular behavioral context.

A

Prefrontal cortex

45
Q

Damage to this will cause impulsive actions, inability to anticipate consequences and delayed gratification

A

Prefrontal cortex

46
Q

This is where abstract thought, decision making and anticipating consequences of action receives inputs from the posterior parietal

A

Anterior frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

47
Q

What premotor area is the primary motor cortex?

A

Area 4

48
Q

What premotor area is the area for “higher” association?

A

Area 6

49
Q

What area is involves in selection of motor plans for voluntary movement ?

A

The premotor cortex area

50
Q

These become active while watching relatable movements such as picking up a cup with your hand or with tongs

A

Mirror neurons

51
Q

These nerves responds to sensory, auditory, visual stimuli immediately around the body and execute “defensive” arm movements to protect yourself

A

Personal protection actions

52
Q

This area is involved with learned sequential motor actions such as drumming fingers, coordinating complex timed bilateral movements such as playing the piano from memory, mental imagery of movements and things such as how hard to throw a basketball to make a basket

A

Supplemental motor area

53
Q

This does not innervate a single mu’scle but groups of muscles associated with a given body part for a desired movement

A

Motor cortex

54
Q

If you have trouble playing the piano with both hands from memory but can point your fingers independently what is likely damaged?

A

The supplemental motor area

55
Q

What are oscillatory contractions and relaxations of muscle when stretched?

A

Clonus

56
Q

This is when there is damage of the brainstem above the pons.

A

Decerebrate posture

57
Q

This is a disruption of the connections between the brainstem motor centers and cortex rubrospinal tract intact.

A

Decorticate

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