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Neuro > Spinal Cord Control Of Movement Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Spinal Cord Control Of Movement Pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we have a brain?

A

We need the brain in order to move

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2
Q

The brain solves problems of what three main categories of things?

A

Adaptation of movement
Coordination of muscles
Acting automatically

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3
Q

What areas of the brain are essential for planning, initiating , and directing voluntary movements?

A

Broadman 4 and 6

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4
Q

What area of the brain is the frontal eye field and also plays a role in eye movement?

A

Brodman 8

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5
Q

What area of the brain controls the anterior cingulate gurus and drives emotions and related facial expressions?

A

Brodman 24

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6
Q

What area of the brain is Broca’s area that’s involved in speech?

A

Brodman 44 and 45

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7
Q

What part of the brain picks the path that you want to take toward an object?

A

Basal ganglia

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8
Q

What areas of the brain do not actually initiate movement but work to plan and smooth movement?

A

Basal ganglia and cerebellum

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9
Q

What is the anticipatory use of sensory information to prepare movement?

A

Feedforward

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10
Q

Where do movements begin in the brain?

A

In the anterior part of the frontal lobe (association cortex)

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11
Q

What are the 3 steps in the process of movement?

A

Strategy Development
Tactical Decision
Execution

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12
Q

What is the use of sensory information during or after movement to make corrections either to the ongoing movement of to future movements?

A

Feedback

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13
Q

What transmits signals directly to skeletal muscles, eliciting the contraction of muscle fibers that move to upper limbs and fingers?

A

Lower motor neurons

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14
Q

What tracts deliver signals to the spinal inter neurons and LMN’s?

A

Upper motor neuron tracts

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15
Q

What structures are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and are the focal paint of motor control?

A

Lower motor neurons

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16
Q

What is the motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates?

A

Motor units

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17
Q

What are all of the motor neurons that innervate a single muscle?

A

Motor neuron pools

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18
Q

The ___ fibers per motor units a muscle has, the ___ more control you have over it.

A

Less; more

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19
Q

What are motor neurons increasing the frequency of action potentials to increase the force the muscle generates?

A

Rate coding

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20
Q

What are the 3 types of motor units?

A

Slow, fast fatigue-resistant, fast fatigable

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21
Q

What type of motor unit is “red meat”, aerobic, myoglobin rich, has many mitochondria, dense capillaries, and small MN’s?

A

Slow

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22
Q

What type of motor units have intermediate characteristics and medium MN’s?

A

Fast fatigue resistant

23
Q

What type of motor units are “white meat”, anaerobic, have few mitochondria, glycogen stores convert to lactic acid and have large MN’s?

A

Fast fatiguable

24
Q

What is the order in which motor units are recruited?

A

Slow (s), fast fatigue resistant (FR), fast fatiguable (FF).

25
Q

What MN pools control the trunk?

A

Medial

26
Q

What MN pools control the distal muscles?

A

Lateral

27
Q

What MN pools activate the extensors?

A

Anterior

28
Q

What MN pools activate the flexors?

A

Posterior

29
Q

What are all the muscles a spinal nerve innnervate, and what are they useful for?

A

Myotome; functional testing

30
Q

What local interneurons supply LMN of the axial muscles and extend several spinal segments?

A

Medial

31
Q

What local interneurons extend ipsillaterally and provide fine and differential control of extremity on 1 side?

A

Lateral

32
Q

Nerves Cross in the ___ commissure terminate bilaterally?

A

Ventral

33
Q

Activity of the motor units depends on the convergence of information from what 3 sources?

A

Descending tracts
Cord interneurons
Peripheral sensory receptors

34
Q

Connections in the cord help coordinate movement in what 4 ways to produce smooth movements?

A

Reciprocal inhibition
Muscle synergist activation
Proprioceptive input regulation
Pattern generation

35
Q

What is it called what’s interneurons link motor neurons into functional groups that simultaneously inhibit the antagonist muscle during the contraction of the prime mover?

A

Reciprocal inhibition

36
Q

What is it called when we eat and use finer and elbow flexion/supination to bring food to our mouth?

A

Muscle synergies

37
Q

What is used to plan and adapt movements like correcting your arm to hit a ball in flight?

A

Schema

38
Q

What are networks of interneurons that activate LMN to elicit alternate flexion and extension of the hips and knees?

A

Stepping pattern generators (SPG)

39
Q

What is necessary to activate SPG and for postural control and dorsiflexion during walking?

A

Cortical control

40
Q

What are involuntary stereotyped reactions to specific stimuli?

A

Reflexes

41
Q

What type of action does not need brain input but are regulated by the brain adjusting the background excitability of the interneurons and LMN?

A

Reflexes

42
Q

What type of stretch reflex is brief in response like a muscle stretch or deep tendon?

A

Phasic

43
Q

What type of stretch reflex is prolonged and only present in an UMN lesion?

A

Tonic

44
Q

What is caused by the spindle fiber receptors stimulating interneurons in the cord which then stimulates LMN.

A

Tonic response

45
Q

What is a complex reflex arc used to withdraw a limb from aversive stimulus?

A

Flexor reflex

46
Q

What are some signs of a LMN damage?

A

Loss of reflexes
Atrophy
Flaccid paralysis
Fibrillations

47
Q

What is it called when stimulation of the sensory receptors are not transmitted to the muscle

A

Hyporeflexia

48
Q

What is the absence of voluntary contraction?

A

Paralysis

49
Q

What is muscle weakness due to partial loss of voluntary contraction?

A

Paresis

50
Q

How does polio cause flaccid paralysis?

A

The virus damages the LMN

51
Q

What are quick twitches of a single motor unit that are visible on the skin?

A

Fasciculations

52
Q

What is it called when an eyelid twitches from anxiety?

A

Fasciculations

53
Q

What is a brief contraction of the muscle fibers that is not visible on the skin?

A

Fibrillations

Neuro (7 decks)

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