Upper Limbs - Bones

Question 1

Basic mammalian form of upper limb

Answer 1

Limb girdle attached to axial skeleton

1 proximal bone 2 distal bones

Pentadactyl hand (thumb rotated 90 degrees in humans)

Question 2

Role of scapula

Answer 2

Muscle attachments to shoulder joint

Question 3

Role of clavicle

Answer 3

Attaches shoulder girdle to axial skeleton

Question 4

Answer 4

Question 5

Joints of clavicle

Answer 5

Acromioclavicular joint

Sternoclavicular joint

Question 6

Common locations of clavicular fracture

Answer 6

Between lateral 1/3 and medial 2/3

Question 7

Answer 7

Question 8

Answer 8

Question 9

Answer 9

Question 10

Answer 10

Question 11

Answer 11

Question 12

Role of bicipital groove

Answer 12

Houses biceps tendon

Question 13

What links the radius and ulna bones?

Answer 13

Interosseus membrane

Question 14

Main humeral fracture sites

Answer 14

Surgical neck, mid-shaft, suprachondylar

Question 15

Colles fracture

Answer 15

Fracture of distal radius. Often from falling onto outstretched hand.

Question 16

Effect of broken scaphoid

Answer 16

Because of unusual blood supply, proximal scaphoid becomes ischaemic, necrotic.

Question 17

Parry fracture

Answer 17

Mid-shaft break of ulna

Question 18

Features of stable joints

1)

2)

3)

Answer 18

1) Congruent articular surfaces
2) Tight capsule, strong capsular ligaments
3) LImited range of motion

Question 19

Features of unstable joints

1)

2)

3)

Answer 19

1) Incongruent articular surfaces
2) Stability often reliant on fixator muscles
3) Prone to dislocation or subluxation

Question 20

Features of sternoclavicular joint

1)

2)

3)

Answer 20

1) Interosseus disc
2) Very strong capsule
3) Costoclavicular ligament (main limiter of movement)

Question 21

Main features of acromioclavicular joint

1)

2)

Answer 21

1) Weak capsule
2) Main stabiliser is the coracoclavicular ligament (prevents upward rotation of clavicle)

Question 22

Structures increasing stability of shoulder joint

1)

2)

3)

Answer 22

1) Glenoid labrum
2) Long head of biceps
3) Rotator cuff muscles

Question 23

Rotator cuff muscles

1)

2)

3)

4)

Answer 23

1) Supraspinatus
2) Infraspinatus
3) Subscapularis
4) Teres minor

Question 24

Location of subscromial bursa

Answer 24

Beneath acromial process. Prone to irritaiton during shoulder abduction.

Question 25

Most common direction that shoulder dislocates in

Answer 25

Humerous pushed anteriorally, drops downwards

Question 26

Place of shoulder joint instability

Answer 26

Little muscle inferior to shoulder joint.

Hence most common dislocation is anteriorally inferiorally

Question 27

Endangered structures with shoulder dislocation

Answer 27

Axillary nerve.

Question 28

Where do elbow collateral ligaments join?

Answer 28

Medial and lateral epicondiles

Question 29

Motions of a pivot joint

Answer 29

Pronate, supernate

Question 30

Joint around which forearm rotates

Answer 30

Proximal radio-ulnar joint (radius rotates around ulna)

Question 31

What is the name of a break of the distal radius?

Often from falling onto an outstretched hand.

Answer 31

Colle’s fracture