Lower Limbs - Bones and Joints

Question 1

Pelvis

Answer 1

Complete ring of bone

Question 2

Pelvic ‘ring phenomenon’

Answer 2

Pelvis often breaks in two places, as it is a compete ring of bone

Question 3

Orientation of lower limb flexor compartment

Answer 3

Posterior

Question 4

Muscles attaching to ileum

Answer 4

Gluteal muscles

Question 5

Muscles attaching to pubis bone

Answer 5

Adductors

Question 6

Muscles attaching to ischeum

Answer 6

Hamstrings

Question 7

Largest bone in the body

Answer 7

Femur

Question 8

Main femoral trabeculae

Answer 8

2 main trabeculae:

• Upward-facing in head
• Sideways in neck

Question 9

Weightbearing bone of leg

Answer 9

Tibia

Question 10

Non-weightbearing bone of leg

Answer 10

Fibula

Question 11

Role of fibula

Answer 11

Muscle attachments

Question 12

What is the shin?

Answer 12

Anterior surface of tibial shaft

Question 13

Structure of superior tibia

Answer 13

Tibial plateau

Question 14

Role of tibial plateau

Answer 14

Articular surface for knee joint

Question 15

Location of trochlea for ankle joint

Answer 15

Distal tibia

Question 16

Structure on distal tibia

Answer 16

Trochlea of ankle joint

Question 17

Which bone is responsible for the medial malleous?

Answer 17

Tibia

Question 18

What are the lateral and medial mallei?

Answer 18

Bumps on ankle

Question 19

Bone responsible for lateral malleus?

Answer 19

Fibula

Question 20

Roles of lateral and medial mallei?

Answer 20

Stabilise ankle joint

Collateral ligaments

Question 21

Largest and strongest tarsal bones

Answer 21

Talus and calcaneus

Question 22

Unique features of the foot
1)
2)

Answer 22

1) Non-opposable big toe

2) Foot arch

Question 23

Anterior capsular ligament in hip

Answer 23

Iliofemoral ligament

Question 24

Location of stronger capsular ligaments in hip

Answer 24

Anterior

Question 25

Location of weaker capsular ligaments in hip

Answer 25

Posterior

Question 26

Movement that tightens and spirals iliofemoral ligament

Answer 26

Extension

Question 27

Effect of extension on iliofemoral joint

Answer 27

Tightens, spirals ligament, increasing stability

Question 28

Nerve endangered in posterior iliofemoral dislocation

Answer 28

Sciatic nerve

Question 29

Why fracture can lead to avascular necrosis of femoral head

Answer 29

Vessels anastamose across femoral head, and can be torn if break occurs

Question 30

Complications of breaking femoral neck

Answer 30

Avascular necrosis of femoral head

Question 31

Number of tarsal bones

Answer 31

Seven

Question 32

Number of carpal bones

Answer 32

Eight

Question 33

Marching fracture

Answer 33

Stress fracture of second metatarsal

Question 34

Location of sesamoid bones in foot

Answer 34

Two under big toe

Question 35

Role of sesamoid bones in big toe

Answer 35

Provide passage for nerves, blood vessels

Question 36

Where does the femoral artery run through the hip?

Answer 36

Medial to hip joints

Question 37

Position of leg when femoral neck is broken

Answer 37

Leg externally rotated, pulled towards torso

Question 38

Number of synovial joints in knee capsule

Answer 38

Two

Question 39

Joints within the knee capsule

Answer 39

Tibiofemoral | Patellofemoral

Question 40

Is the knee a hinge joint?

Answer 40

No. Some rotation is permitted

Question 41

Pairs of structures that primarily reinforce knee joint: 1) 2) 3)

Answer 41

1) Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments 2) Medial and lateral collateral ligaments 3) Medial and lateral menisci

Question 42

Reasons for knee joint incongruence

Answer 42

Round femoral condyles | Flat tibial surfaces

Question 43

Most vulnerable position for knee

Answer 43

Flexed and rotated

Question 44

ACL and PCL are what kind of ligament?

Answer 44

Intracapsular ligaments

Question 45

Insertions of ACL

Answer 45

Front of tibia, lateral condyle of femur

Question 46

Insertions of PCL

Answer 46

Back of tibial, medial condyle of femur

Question 47

Movements prevented by ACL

Answer 47

Tibia sliding forward relative to femur

Question 48

Movements prevented by PCL

Answer 48

Tibia sliding backwards relative to femur

Question 49

Tendon often used to repair torn ACL

Answer 49

Patellar tendon

Question 50

Forces resisted by knee collateral ligaments

Answer 50

Lateral forces

Question 51

Which knee collateral ligament is more commonly injured?

Answer 51

Medial collateral ligament

Question 52

Reason for increased incidence of knee medial collateral ligament injury

Answer 52

Deep fibers blend with medial meniscus of knee, limits movement of medial collateral ligament compared to lateral collateral ligament

Question 53

Position of lateral collateral knee ligament

Answer 53

Separated from lateral meniscus by popiteus tendon

Question 54

Roles of knee menisci 1) 2) 3)

Answer 54

1) Absorb shock 2) Spread synovial fluid 3) Increase articular surface by ~1/3

Question 55

Origin of nerves supplying knee menisci

Answer 55

Knee capsule

Question 56

Normal patellofemoral alignment maintained by: 1) 2) 3)

Answer 56

1) Vastus medialis muscle 2) Medial patellar retinaculum 3) Raised lip of on lateral femoral condyle

Question 57

Q angle

Answer 57

Angle between quadriceps tendon and patellar tendon

Question 58

Most common ankle injuries

Answer 58

Inversion strains of lateral collateral ligament