Upper Limb - Spine

Question 1

What is the flat rounded body anteriocentrally in the spinal column?

Answer 1

vertebral body

Question 2

What forms the spinal foramen?

Answer 2

vertebral body and neural arch

Question 3

What passes through the spinal foramen?

Answer 3

spinal cord

Question 4

What is the spinous process?

Answer 4

a projection of bone posteriorly and inferiorly

Question 5

What processes project laterally?

Answer 5

transverse processes

Question 6

What do the processes of the vertebrae provide?

Answer 6

attachments for muscles and ligaments

Question 7

What 3 articulations do each vertebra have with each other?

Answer 7

intervertebral disc

2 facet joints

Question 8

Where does the nucleus pulposus lie?

Answer 8

the centre of intervertebral discs

Question 9

What forms the nucleus pulposus?

Answer 9

strongly hydrophilic gel enmeshed in a collagen matrix

Question 10

Why is there an elevated pressure in the nucleus pulposus?

Answer 10

to balance out the compress stress applied

Question 11

What happens when stress on the intervertebral discs is removed?

Answer 11

it rehydrates

Question 12

What is the annulus fibrosis?

Answer 12

a tough layer which surrounds the nucleus pulposus

Question 13

What is the structure of the annulus fibrosis?

Answer 13

collagen lamellae with alternating orientation to bear both bending and torsional loads

Question 14

How many vertebrae make up the cervical spine?

Answer 14

7

Question 15

Describe the atlas

Answer 15

it has no vertebral body but has a bony ring which articulates with the axis

Question 16

Describe the axis

Answer 16

The axis has an articular process which projects vertically form the vertebral body to articulate with the atlas

Question 17

What is the projection from the axis called?

Answer 17

dens

Question 18

How many vertebrae are in the thoracic spine?

Answer 18

12

Question 19

What do the vertebrae in the thoracic spine attach to?

Answer 19

a pair of ribs

Question 20

Where are the two articulations between the rib and the vertebral body?

Answer 20

the head of the rib articulates with the body

the tubercle of the rib articulates with the transverse process

Question 21

What do the two articulation of the ribs with the thoracic vertebrae allow?

Answer 21

movement with breathing

Question 22

How many lumber vertebrae are there? why are their vertebral bodies larger?

Answer 22

5

They have to withstand higher loads than any other vertebrae in the body

Question 23

How many sacral vertebrae have fused to create it?

Answer 23

5

Question 24

How many vertebrae have fused to create the coccyx?

Answer 24

4/5

Question 25

Where does the large range of motion of the spine come from?

Answer 25

the combined ROM of many vertebrae

Question 26

Where does most flexion and extension of the spine occur?

Answer 26

cervical spine

Question 27

Where does the least flexion extension of the spine occur?

Answer 27

thoracic spine

Question 28

At what point does forward bending begin to come from pelvis tilt?

Answer 28

50-60 degrees

Question 29

Between which two vertebrae is there no lateral bending?

Answer 29

C1 and C2

Question 30

Which two vertebrae have the largest rotation?

Answer 30

C1 and C2

Question 31

As the moment arm of the upper body increases, does the loading on the lumbar spine increase or decrease?

Answer 31

increases

Question 32

In what positions does the upper body moment become larger?

Answer 32

erect sitting, bending over, relaxed sitting

Question 33

What counterbalances the moment of the upper body weight?

Answer 33

posterior back muscles