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BMSc - Biomechanics > Lower Limb Biomechanics 1 > Flashcards

Lower Limb Biomechanics 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 segment of the lower limb?

A

Thigh
leg
foot

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2
Q

What are the 3 main joints of the lower limb?

A

hip
knee
ankle

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3
Q

What are the two main functions of the lower limb joints?

A

movement

weight bearing

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4
Q

What are the possible movements of the hip joint?

A 
flexion 
extension
adduction 
abduction 
internal rotation 
external rotation 
circumduction
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5
Q

Describe a synovial joint?

A

surfaces covered in articular cartilage
enclosed in a fibrous joint capsule forming the synovial capsule
filled with synovial fluid which is secreted by the synovial membrane

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6
Q

What are the two functions of synovial fluid?

A

reduction in jont friction

nourishes articular cartilage

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7
Q

Why is the hip joint intrinsically stable?

A

ball and socket joint

surrounded by several, large, strong muscles

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8
Q

In which plane do flexion and extension occur?

A

sagittal

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9
Q

What is the range of hip flexion and extension?

A

0-140 flexion

0-20 extension

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10
Q

What is the range of abduction and adduction at the hip?

A

0-30 abduction

0-25 adduction

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11
Q

Which movements occur in the transverse plane?

A

external and internal rotation

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12
Q

What is the range of external and internal rotation at the hip?

A

external 0-90

internal 0-70

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13
Q

Why is less internal and external rotation possible when the hip is extended?

A

soft tissues in the way

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14
Q

What degree of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction and rotation are required to perform the activities of daily living?

A

120 degrees of flexion extension
20 degrees adduction/abduction
20 degrees rotation

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15
Q

In walking, in which plane does most movement happen?

A

sagittal (flexion extension)

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16
Q

When standing in unilateral stance, how much does the hip joint force increase than in bilateral stance?

A

9 times (0.5x -> 4.5x)

17
Q

Why is abductor muscle contraction required in unilateral stance?

A

to maintain the pelvis level

18
Q

What are two articulations at the knee joint called?

A

tibiofemoral

patellofemoral

19
Q

What covers the proximal surface of the tibia?

A

menisci

20
Q

What is the function of the menisci?

A

distribute load

shock absorbers

21
Q

What is the smooth anterior depression between the femoral condyles called?

A

the trochlea

22
Q

What does the trochlea develop into posteriorly?

A

intercondylar notch

23
Q

Where do the cruciate ligaments attach?

A

the intercondylar notch

24
Q

What kind of bone is the patella?

A

sesamoid bone

25
Q

What is the function of the fibula?

A

anchor for biceps femoris

anchor the LCL

26
Q

Is the knee joint intrinsically stable?

A

no

27
Q

What provides the stability of the knee joint?

A

mainly form its ligaments

28
Q

Which ligaments lie outside of the joint capsule?

A

MCL

LCL

29
Q

What kind of joint is the knee?

A

hinge joint

30
Q

What kind of mechanism is employed in the axis of rotation of the knee joint?

A

screw-home mechanism

31
Q

What is a screw-home mechanism?

A

a spiral motion
the tibia rotates internal on flexion and rotates externally on extension as a result of the medial condyle being 1.7cm longer than the lateral condyle

32
Q

What path does the centre of rotation follow in the knee joint?

A

semicircle

33
Q

What is the range of flexion extension at the knee joint?

A

a few degrees of extension

140 degrees of flexion

34
Q

what is the range of adduction/abduction at the knee joint?

A

maximum of 30 degrees - depends on how much knee flexion

35
Q

in extension, how much rotation is there at the knee?

A

none - prevented by interlocking femoral condyles

36
Q

in flexion how much internal/external rotation is there at the knee?

A

external - 0-45

internal - 0-30

37
Q

What ROM is required to perform activities of daily living?

A

full extension
115 degrees of flexion
10 degrees of rotation

BMSc - Biomechanics (12 decks)

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