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BMSc - Biomechanics > Basic Concepts > Flashcards

Basic Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What are the SI units for :

a) time
b) distance
c) angle
d) temperature

A

A) second
B) Metre
C) Radian
D) Kelvin

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2
Q

What is another name for the rectangular co-ordinate system?

A

Cartesian co-ordinate system

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3
Q

What is the origin in the context of coordinates?

A

the point where all axes cross

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4
Q

What is formed where two planes cross each other?

A

a straight line

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5
Q

What is a plane?

A

a flat surface with zero thickness

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6
Q

What do polar coordinates systems take into account?

A

angle and rotation

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7
Q

What is displacement?

A

a vector quantity for distance where the “as the crow flies” distance is taken

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8
Q

what is velocity?

A

the rate of change of displacement

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9
Q

What is the equation for average velocity?

A

change in displacement/time

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10
Q

What is the equation for average acceleration?

A

Change in velocity/time

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11
Q

What two effects will a force have acting on an object?

A

change the position of the object

deform the shape of the object

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12
Q

What is the SI unit of Force?

A

Newton

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13
Q

What is the branch of physics that deals with forces and moments acting on objects at rest or moving at a constant velocity?

A

Statics

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14
Q

What is the first condition of static equilibrium?

A

the sum of all external forces acting on an object is zero

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15
Q

What is translational equilibrium?

A

equilibrium along straight lines

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16
Q

What is Newton’s 3rd Law?

A

Every action has an equal and opposite reaction

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17
Q

What is the SI unit of mass?

A

kilogram

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18
Q

What is weight?

A

W=mg

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19
Q

What is the equation for density?

A

p=mass/volume

20
Q

What is gravity?

A

the acceleration due to the gravitational attraction between two bodies

21
Q

What happens to gravity as mass increases?

A

Increases

22
Q

what is centre of mass?

A

the point where all the mass of the object can be assumed to act - an average of mass distribution across an object

23
Q

What is centre of gravity?

A

the point where the weight of the body can be assumed to act - a body only has a centre of gravity in a gravitational field

24
Q

Where are the centres of mass and gravity located if a body has both?

A

The same point

25
Q

What is pressure?

A

Force per unit area

26
Q

What is the equation for pressure?

A

Pressure = force/area

27
Q

What is the SI unit for pressure?

A

Pascal (Pa)

28
Q

What kind of unit is the Pascal?

A

A derived SI unit

29
Q

What happens to the pressure exerted when someone stands on one foot?

A

Pressure under the remaining foot doubles

30
Q

What is the moment of a force?

A

the tendency of a force to produce rotation about an axis

31
Q

What is another name for moment?

A

torque

32
Q

What is the SI unit for moment?

A

N m (newton metres)

33
Q

What is the equation for moment?

A

Moment = Force x Moment Arm

M = F x d

34
Q

What is the second condition of static equilibrium?

A

the sum of all external moments acting on a body must be zero

35
Q

Describe a lever system

A

It consists of a rigid bar that pivots about a fulcrum (which can be likened to a pivot or hinge) and is acted on by an effort force and a resistance force. The effort force and resistance force produce moments acting about the fulcrum. The length of the line that passes through the fulcrum and is perpendicular to the effort force is called the effort arm. Similarly the length of the line that passes through the fulcrum and is perpendicular to the resistance force is called the resistance arm.

36
Q

What is a mechanical advantage?

A

When the magnitude of the effort force required to overcome a given resistance force is smaller than the magnitude of the resistance force. The effort arm is longer than the resistance arm

37
Q

What is an example of a lever with mechanical advantage?

A

a crowbar

38
Q

What is a mechanical disadvantage?

A

When the resistance arm is longer than the effort arm then the resistance may be moved through a relatively large distance.

39
Q

How can the mechanical advantage be calculated?

A

MA = effort arm/resistance arm

40
Q

How can the force exerted by muscles be calculated from MA and moments?

A

F = W x dR/dE

41
Q

What is a first class lever?

give examples

A

Where the fulcrum is located between the effort and the resistance

scissors
see-saw
crowbar

42
Q

What is a second class lever?

give examples

A

resistance located between the effort and the fulcrum

wheelbarrow
nutcracker

43
Q

Does a second class lever work at an advantage or a disadvantage?

A

ALWAYS a mechanical advantage

44
Q

What is a third class lever?

give examples

A

A third class lever has the effort located between the fulcrum and the resistance

fishing rod
tweezers

45
Q

Does a third class lever work at a disadvantage or an advantage?

A

ALWAYS a mechanical disadvantage

BMSc - Biomechanics (12 decks)

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