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Anatomy > Upper Limb > Flashcards

Upper Limb Flashcards

1
Q

Name the major parts of the scapula.

A
  • coracoid process, acromion, glenoid fossa, spine, supraspinatus fossa, infraspinatus foss
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2
Q

Name the major parts of the humerus.

A
  • head, anatomical and surgical necks, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, intertubercular groove, deltoid tuberosity, spinal groove
  • radial groove, coronoid fossa (for ulna in full flexion), olecranon fossa (for ulna in full extension)
  • medial and lateral epicondyles
  • capitulum, trochlea
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3
Q

Name the major parts of the ulna.

A
  • trochlear notch, olecranon process, coronoid process

- head of ulna (distal! vs. proximal head of radius), styloid process of ulna

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4
Q

Name the major parts of the radius.

A
  • head of radius (proximal! vs. distal head of ulna)

- styloid process of radius

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5
Q

What holds the forearm bones together?

A
  • ulna and radius are held together by the ligaments at each end and also by the interosseus membrane between them
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6
Q

Name the bones of the carpus (the wrist).

A
  • wrist in supination, lateral to medial: Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle
  • proximal row (L to M): scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
  • distal row (L to M): trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
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7
Q

What part of the metacarpals contains the head (the proximal or distal end)?

A
  • the head of the metacarpals is found at the distal end
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8
Q

What are the major joints of the pectoral girdle? Which joint makes up the shoulder joint?

A
  • sternoclavicular joint
  • coracoclavicular joint
  • acromioclavicular joint
  • glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint)
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9
Q

What are the major ligaments of the pectoral girdle?

A
  • coracoclavicular ligament (coronoid and trapezoid parts)
  • coracoacromial ligament
  • acromioclavicular ligament
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10
Q

What are the major ligaments of the shoulder joint?

A
  • (there are MANY!)
  • supraspinatus TENDON
  • subscapularis TENDON
  • capsular ligaments
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11
Q

In the elbow joint, what articulates with the humerus’ trochlea? With the humerus’ capitulum?

A
  • trochlea: trochlear notch of ulna

- capitulum: radial head

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12
Q

What are the major ligaments of the elbow joint?

A
  • anular ligament: from the ulna and wraps around the radial head
  • radial and ulnar collateral ligaments
  • joint capsule
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13
Q

What makes up the wrist joint?

A
  • the distal end of the radius and the proximal row of the carpal bones
  • (the ulnar is not directly involved, but it does have an articular disc at its head that contributes to the joint)
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14
Q

What are the major wrist ligaments?

A
  • radial and ulnar collateral ligaments
  • palmar radiocarpal ligament
  • dorsal radiocarpal ligament
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15
Q

Where does the flexor retinaculum attach to? What is deep to it?

A
  • (this is a ligamentous structure)
  • it is attached to the scaphoid, pisiform, trapezium, and hamate carpal bones (these make up the four corners of the wrist!)
  • deep to the flexor retinaculum is the carpal tunnel?
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16
Q

What passes through the carpal tunnel?

A
  • the median nerve! (compression here leads to carpal tunnel syndrome)
  • (the ulnar nerve, ulnar artery, and radial artery all pass outside the tunnel)
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17
Q

What are the major joints of the hand? What type of special joints are in the thumb?

A
  • CMC joints: carpometacarpal joints
  • MCP joints: metacarpophalangeal joints
  • IP joints: interphalangeal joints (DIPs and PIPs)
  • CMC joint of thumb: saddle joint
  • MCP joint of thumb: ellipsoid joint
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18
Q

What are the pectoral girdle muscles? What is the origin and insertion of each?

A
  • (these muscles mainly move the scapula)
  • trapezius: occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, T1-T12 (O); clavicle, acromion, scapular spine (I)
  • serratus anterior: anterior aspect of ribs 1-8 (O); anterior medial border of scapula (I)
  • pectoralis minor: anterior aspect of ribs 2-5 (O); coracoid process (I)
  • rhomboid major: T1-T4 (O); posterior medial border of scapula (I)
  • rhomboid minor: C7 (O); posterior medial border of scapula
  • levator scapulae: C1-C4 (O); superior aspect of poster medial border of scapula (I)
  • subclavius: rib 1 (O); clavicle (I)
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19
Q

Which nerves supply the muscles of the pectoral girdle?

A
  • trapezius: CN XI (spinal part); NOT from the brachial plexus!
  • serratus anterior: long thoracic nerve
  • pectoralis minor: medial and lateral pectoral nerves
  • rhomboids: dorsal scapular nerve
  • levator scapula: dorsal scapular nerve
  • subclavius: nerve to subclavius
20
Q

Which muscles move the shoulder (not including the rotator cuff)?

A
  • pectoralis major (adductor): medial clavicle, sternum, ribs 1-6 (O); bicipital groove of humerus (I)
  • latissimus dorsi (adductor and extensor): T7-L5 (O); intertubercular groove of humerus (I)
  • teres major (adductor and extensor): posterior aspect of inferior angle of scapula (O); intertubercular groove of humerus (I)
  • deltoid: (abductor): clavicle and acromion (O); lateral aspect of humerus (I)
  • coracobrachialis (flexor): coracoid process (O); medial 1/3 of humerus (I)
21
Q

Which muscles make up the rotator cuff of the shoulder?

A
  • (these muscles stabilize the shoulder; keeping the head of the humerus locked in; they all insert onto the tubercles of the humerus)
  • subscapularis: anterior surface of scapula (O)
  • supraspinatus: above the scapular spine (O)
  • infraspinatus: below the scapular spine (O)
  • teres minor: posterior aspect of inferior angle of scapula, above the teres major and below the infraspinatus (O)
22
Q

Which nerves supply the muscles of the shoulder and the rotator cuff?

A
  • pectoralis major: medial and lateral pectoral nerves
  • lattisimus dorsi: thoracodorsal nerve
  • teres major: lower subscapular nerve
  • deltiod: axillary nerve
  • corachobrachialis: musculocutaneous nerve
  • subscapularis: subscapular nerves
  • supraspinatus and infraspinatus: suprascapular nerve
  • teres minor: axillary nerve
23
Q

What are the muscles that make up the posterior compartment of the arm?

A
  • (these mainly extend the arm)
  • triceps brachii (long head): infraglenoid tubercle of scapula (O); olecranon process of ulna (I)
  • triceps brachii (lateral head): upper end of humerus (O); olecranon process of ulna (I)
  • triceps brachii (medial head): upper end of humerus (O); olecranon process of ulna (I) (lies deep to the other two heads)
  • anconeus: lateral epicondyle of humerus (O); olecranon process of ulna (I)
24
Q

Which nerves supply the muscles of the posterior compartment of the arm?

A
  • the radial nerve

- (the raidal nerve supplies all posterior muscles of the arm and forearm!)

25
Q

What are the muscles that make up the anterior compartment of the arm?

A
  • (these are mainly flexors of the arm; biceps also supinate)
  • biceps brachii (long head): supraglenoid tubercle of scapula (O); radial tuberosity (I)
  • biceps brachii (short head): coracoid process of scapula (O); radial tuberosity (I)
  • coracobrachialis: coracoid process (O); medial 1/3 of humerus (I)
  • brachialis: anterior surface of distal humerus (O); coronoid process and tuberosity of ulna (I) (it lies deep to the biceps)
26
Q

Which nerves supply the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm?

A
  • biceps brachii: musculocutaneous nerve
  • coracobrachialis: musculocutaneous nerve
  • brachialis: musculocutaneous nerve
  • (musculocutaneous nerve supplies all muscles of the anterior arm - NOT the forearm)
27
Q

What is the general grouping of the muscles of the forarm? What actions does each group perform?

A
  • anteromedial group (anterior group); deep and superficial: flexion of wrist and fingers, pronation of forearm
  • posterolateral group (posterior group); deep and superficial: extension of wrist and finger, supination of forearm
28
Q

Which muscles make up the superficial layer of the anteromedial muscles of the forearm?

A
  • (these are wrist and finger flexors, forearm pronators)
  • they all originate from the MEDIAL epicondyle of the humerus (the common flexor tendon); from L to M:
  • pronator teres (no flexor action): inserts onto the proximal radius
  • flexor carpi radialis: inserts onto the palmar base of the 2nd metatarsal
  • palmaris longus: inserts onto the palmar aponeurosis
  • flexor carpi ulnaris: inserts onto the palmar base of the 5th metatarsal
  • (remember “Pass, Fail, Pass, Fail”)
29
Q

Which muscles make up the intermediate layer of the anteromedial muscles of the forearm?

A
  • (this is a wrist and finger flexor)
  • flexor digitorum superficialis: lateral epicondule of humerus, middle aspect of radius (O); palmar aspect of middle phalanges of lateral 4 fingers (I)
30
Q

Which muscles make up the deep layer of the anteromedial muscles of the forearm?

A
  • (these are wrist and finger flexors, forearm pronators) from L to M:
  • flexor pollicis longus: distal radius (O); palmar aspect of distal phalanx of pollex (I)
  • flexor digitorum profundus: ulnar, radius, interosseus membrane (O); palmar aspect of distal phalanges of lateral 4 fingers (I)
  • pronator quadratus (no flexor action): medial ulna (O); lateral radius (I) (deepest muscle, wraps “around” the distal ulna and radius)
31
Q

Which nerves supply the anteriomedial muscles of the forearm?

A
  • all are supplied by the median nerve, EXCEPT for the flexor carpi ulnaris and the medial part of the flexor digitorum profundus
  • these two are supplied by the ulnar nerve
32
Q

Which muscles make up the superficial layer of the posterolateral muscles of the forearm?

A
  • (these are wrist and finger extensors, forearm supinators)
  • most originate from the LATERAL epicondyle of humerus (the common extensor tendon); from L to M:
  • brachioradialis: inserts onto distal end of radius (*this is a FLEXOR, not an extensor, but lies in the lateral compartment)
  • extensor carpi radialis longus: inserts onto the dorsal base of the 2nd metatarsal
  • extensor carpi radialis brevis: inserts onto the dorsal base of the 3rd metatarsal
  • extensor digitorum: inserts onto the dorsal aspect of distal phalanges of lateral 4 fingers
  • extensor digiti minimi: inserts onto the dorsal aspect of proximal phalanx of little finer
  • extensor carpi ulnaris: inserts onto the dorsal base of the 5th metatarsal
  • anconeus (pronator, also elbow extensor): lateral epicondyle of humerus (O); olecranon process of ulna (I)
33
Q

Which muscles make up the deep layer of the posterolateral muscles of the forearm?

A
  • (these are wrist and finger extensors, forearm supinators) from L to M:
  • supinator (superficial and deep parts)
  • abductor pollicis longus: ulna, radius, interosseus membrane (O); 1st metacarpal (I)
  • extensor pollicis brevis: radius, interosseus membrane (O); proximal phalanx of pollex (I)
  • extensor pollicis longus: ulna, interosseus membrane (O); distal phalanx of pollex (I)
  • extensor indicis: ulna, interosseus membrane (O); distal phalanx of index finger (I)
34
Q

Which nerves supply the muscles of the posterolateral compartment of the forearm?

A
  • all are supplied by the radial nerve

- (all posterior muscles of the arm and forearm are supplied by the radial nerve)

35
Q

Briefly explain the blood supply to the upper limb.

A
  • subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery , which gives off a deep brachial branch (supplies the posterior arm) before continuing down the arm as the brachial artery
  • at the level of the cubital fossa, the brachial artery bifuricates into the radial and ulnar arteries
36
Q

Which structures lie in the cubital fossa?

A
  • from L to M:
  • biceps tendon
  • brachial artery (just before it bifuricates into radial and ulnar arteries)
  • median nerve
37
Q

Briefly explain the venous drainage of the upper limb.

A
  • the cephalic vein starts at the lateral wrist, while the basilic vein starts at the medial wrist
  • these extend upwards on their respective sides (there is a median cubital vein that attaches the (lateral) cephalic to the (medial) basilic) and eventually drain into the subclavian vein
  • before this junction, the basilic vein gets joined by the brachial vein to form the axillary vein (so axillary vein and cephalic vein join to form the subclavian vein)
  • (the brachial vein drains the posterior aspects)
38
Q

What are the basic parts of the brachial plexus?

A
  • “(Should’ve) Read That Damn Cadaver Book”
  • 5 spinal roots: C5-T1
  • 3 trunks: superior (from C5-C6), middle (from C7), inferior (from C8-T1)
  • 6 divisons: 3 anterior, 3 posterior (each trunk gives off 1 of each)
  • 3 cords: lateral, posterior, medial
  • 5 (terminal) branches (L to M): musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, median, ulnar
39
Q

What are the nerve branches of the superior trunk?

A
  • “the 3 S’s of the Superior trunk”
  • (1st S is from the Superior trunk)
  • suprascapular nerve (C5,6)
  • nerve to subclavius (C5,6)
40
Q

What are the branches of the lateral cord?

A
  • “LM(L)M”
  • lateral pectoral (C5,6,7)
  • musculocutaneous (C5,6,7)
  • (lateral root) of median nerve ((C5-T1)
41
Q

What are the branches of the posterior cord?

A
  • “ULTRA”
  • upper subscapular (C5,6)
  • lower subscapular (C5,6)
  • thoracodorsal (middle subscapular) (C6,7,8)
  • radial (C5-T1)
  • axillary (C5,6)
42
Q

What are the branches of the medial cord?

A
  • “M4U”
  • medial pectoral (C8,T1)
  • medial brachial cutaneous (T1)
  • medial antebrachial cutaneous (C8,T1)
  • (medial root) of median nerve (C5-T1)
  • ulnar (C7-T1)
43
Q

Where does the long thoracic nerve arise from? What about the dorsal scapular nerve?

A
  • long thoracic: the spinal roots of C5, C6, and C7

- dorsal scapular: C5

44
Q

Which muscles does the dorsal scapular nerve supply? The long thoracic nerve? Nerve to subclavius? Suprascapular nerve?

A
  • dorsal scapular: levator scapulae and the rhomboids
  • long thoracic: serratus anterior
  • nerve to subclavius: subclavius
  • suprascapular: supraspinatus, infraspinatus
45
Q

Which muscles does the pectoralis nerves supply? The subscapular nerves? The thoracodorsal nerve?

A
  • pectoralis: pectoralis major and minor
  • subscapular: subscapularis, teres major
  • thoracodorsal nerve: latissimus dorsi
46
Q

Which muscles does the musculocutaneous nerve supply? The axillary nerve? Radial nerve? Median nerve? Ulnar nerve?

A
  • musculocutaneous: muscles of the anterior arm (corachobrachialis, biceps brachii, brachialis)
  • axillary: teres minor, deltoid
  • radial: all poster muscles of arm and forearm
  • median: all anterior muscles of the forearm except those supplied by the ulnar nerve
  • ulnar: flexor carpi ulnaris, medial 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundus

Anatomy (18 decks)

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