Mouth to Stomach

Question 1

What passes through the infraorbital foramen?

Answer 1

• the infraorbital nerve and artery

Question 2

What is the specialized connective tissue of the teeth called? Which three calcified tissues cover this?

Answer 2

• the pulp

- covered by the dentine, enamel, and cementum

Question 3

How many primary teeth are in an child? How many secondary (AKA permanent) teeth in an adult?

Answer 3

• 20 primary (child)

- 32 secondary (adult)

Question 4

There are 32 teeth in the adult, 8 in each quadrant. Name these 8 teeth.

Answer 4

• 2 incisors (1 central, 1 lateral)
• 1 canine
• 2 premolars
• 3 molars (the 3rd molar may or may not erupt; it’s the wisdom tooth)
• (note that the parotid ducts empty near the upper 2nd molars)

Question 5

What level does the hyoid bone lie at? What projects from the hyoid bone’s central body?

Answer 5

• the C3 vertebrae

- 2 greater horns/cornu and 2 lesser horns/cornu project from the hyoid’s central body

Question 6

Name the muscle around the mouth that acts as a “sphincter” for the mouth.

Answer 6

• the orbicularis oris

Question 7

Name the cheek muscle.

Answer 7

• the buccinator

Question 8

Which muscles are involved in mastication (by moving the mandible)?

Answer 8

• the temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid muscles

Question 9

Which general tongue muscles change the shape of the tongue? Which change the position?

Answer 9

• the intrinsic tongue muscles change the shape

- the extrinsic tongue muscles change the position

Question 10

Name the 4 main extrinsic tongue muscles.

Answer 10

• the genioglossus (from the mandible, mid-line), hyoglossus (2x), styloglossus (2x), and palatoglossus (2x) muscles

Question 11

Which three circular muscles make up the pharynx? Why is “circular” not a great description for these muscles? Which three vertical muscles make up the pharynx?

Answer 11

• circular: superior, middle, and inferior constrictor muscles; they are open anteriorly, and are therefore not complete circular muscles
• vertical: - the stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, and salpingopharyngeus (from the auditory tube) muscles

Question 12

Which nerves supply the pharynx? Together they form the ________ plexus.

Answer 12

• the vagus (X) and glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves; these form the pharyngeal plexus

Question 13

What is the muscle that acts as a sphincter at the top of the esophagus? What is is actually a part of? What is the relatively weak spot just above this muscle? What may be found here?

Answer 13

• the cricopharyngeus muscle; it is actually the lowermost fibres of the inferior constrictor muscle of the pharynx
• Killian’s area is a weak spot just above this muscle
• Zenker’s diverticulum (a pharyngeal pouch) may be found here

Question 14

The esophagus is BEHIND/IN FRONT OF the descending aorta.

Answer 14

• esophagus is in front of the descending aorta

- (and it is behind the trachea)

Question 15

What is the aperture where the esophagus passes through the diaphragm known as? Which crus is it formed by?

Answer 15

• the esophageal hiatus

- formed by the right crus, despite the hiatus being to the left of the midline

Question 16

What is the cardia?

Answer 16

• the gastro-esophageal junction

Question 17

What are the four main arterial supplies to the stomach? Where do they originate from?

Answer 17

• the left gastric artery (from the celiac trunk)
• the right gastric artery (from the common hepatic artery)
• the left gastroepiploic artery (from the splenic artery)
• the right gastroepiploic artery (from the gastroduodenal artery, which comes from the common hepatic artery)
• the gastric arteries supply the lesser curvature; the gastroepiploic arteries supply the greater
• (we also have the short gastric arteries, which also arise from the splenic artery and supply the fundus)

Question 18

What is another name for the lesser omentum?

Answer 18

• the gastrohepatic ligament

Question 19

What is the part of the greater omentum between the stomach and spleen called?

Answer 19

• the gastrosplenic ligament

Question 20

What forms from the ventral mesogastrium? What forms from the dorsal mesogastrium?

Answer 20

• ventral: the lesser omentum and the liver (and its ligaments)
• dorsal: the spleen, the greater omentum, the spleno-renal ligament, etc.

Question 21

What is the opening in the right edge of the lesser omentum called? What maneuver involves the this opening and when is it used?

Answer 21

• the epiploic foramen (AKA the foramen of Winslow)
• the Pringle Maneuver
• it’s used when there is severe bleeding from the liver during abdominal surgery to gain temporary control of the massive hemorrhage

Question 22

What is the collection system for the lymphatic drainage of the stomach and upper small intestine called? Where does this system drain to?

Answer 22

• the cisterna chyli (the lowermost, dilated part of the thoracic duct)
• drains into the thoracic duct, where it eventually re-enters the venous system in the neck area