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Anatomy > Brainstem, Cerebellum, & Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Brainstem, Cerebellum, & Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What is located just below the brainstrem? Just above it?

A
  • just below is the spinal cord!

- just above is the thalamus of the forebrain

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2
Q

What are the major parts of the ventral midbrain?

A
  • the cerebral peduncles (with the optic tracts crossing these to form the optic chiasm)
  • (substantia nigra)
  • mamillary bodies
  • tuber cinereum and infundibular stalk (for the pituitary gland)
  • CNs III (IV emerges from dorsal side)
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3
Q

What are the major parts of the ventral pons?

A
  • the basilar groove (where the basilar artery lies)

- CNs V, (VI, VII, VIII emerge at the ponto-medullary junction)

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4
Q

What are the major parts of the ventral medulla?

A
  • the anterior median fissure with the bilateral pyramids and olives
  • CNs (VI, VII, VIII from the ponto-medullary junction) IX, X, XI, XII
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5
Q

What are the major parts of the dorsal brainstem?

A
  • superior and inferior colliculi (corpora quadrigemina) from the midbrain (note that the pineal gland is just superior/in between the superior colliculi)
  • superior (from midbrain), middle (from pons), and inferior (from medulla) cerebellar peduncles
  • dorsal median sulcus with gracile tubercle and cuneate tubercle (medulla)
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6
Q

What separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

A
  • the tentorium dural fold
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7
Q

What are the major parts of the cerebellum?

A
  • the median vermis, paravermal areas, and lateral cerebeller hemispheres
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8
Q

What is the arbor vitae?

A
  • the “tree of life”

- it is the complex of white matter found in the cerebellum

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9
Q

What are the folds in the cerebellar cortex called? What separates these folds?

A
  • folds: folia (NOT gyri)

- separated by fissures (NOT sulci)

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10
Q

What major fissure divides each cerebellar hemisphere into an anterior and posterior lobe?

A
  • the primary fissure
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11
Q

Which two important structures are found on the ventral surface of the cerebellum?

A
  • the flocculonodular lobe between the anterior and posterior lobe
  • the cerebellar tonsils of the posterior lobe (tonsils are prone to herniation)
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12
Q

Name the twelve cranial nerves.

A
  • olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
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13
Q

Which cranial nerves are entirely sensory? Which are entirely motor? Which are both? Which carry parasympatethic fibers?

A
  • sensory: I, II, VIII
  • motor: III, IV, VI, XI, XII
  • both: V, VII, IX, X
  • “some say marry money, but my brother says big boobs matter most”
  • parasympathetic activity: III, VII, IX, X
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14
Q

Where do cranial nerves I, II, III, IV, V, and VI transit the skull?

A
  • I: cribriform plate of ethmoid
  • II: optic canal of sphenoid
  • III: superior orbital fissure
  • IV: superior orbital fissure
  • V: superior orbital fissure (V1), foramen rotundum (V2), foramen ovale (V3)
  • VI: superior orbital fissure
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15
Q

Where do cranial nerves VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII transit the skull?

A
  • VII: internal auditory meatus (and then exits the skull via the stylomastoid foramen)
  • VIII: internal auditory meatus
  • IX: jugular foramen
  • X: jugular foramen
  • XI: jugular foramen
  • XII: hypoglossal canal
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16
Q

What accompanies the optic nerve through the optic canal?

A
  • the ophthalmic artery
  • (note that the central retinal branch of this artery actually enters the optic nerve, entering the eye with the nerve via the optic disc)
17
Q

Parasympathetic input to the pupils results in what? What about sympathetic input?

A
  • parasympathetic (via CN III and the ciliary ganglion): constriction
  • sympathetic (via cervical trunk): dilation
18
Q

Oculomotor Nerve

A
  • CN III
  • emerges from the ventral midbrain
  • passes through the cavernous sinus and then branches, entering the superior orbital fissure as a superior and inferior branch
  • damage: drooping eyelid, dilated pupil, diplopia, inability to move eye in certain directions
19
Q

Trochlear Nerve

A
  • CN IV
  • emerges from the DORSAL midbrain just caudal to the inferior colliculus
  • passes through the cavernous sinus and enters the superior orbital fissure
  • supplies the superior oblique muscle
20
Q

Trigeminal Nerve

A
  • CN V
  • emerges from the ventral pons as a small motor root and large sensory root
  • sensory root forms the large trigeminal ganglion, from which emerge V1 (ophthalmic; through superior orbital fissure), V2 (maxillary; through foramen rotundum), and V3 (mandibular; through foramen ovale) divisions
  • the motor root skips the ganglion and then merges with V3 (V1 and V2 are therefore strictly sensory)
21
Q

What are the major clinically important branches of V3?

A
  • (V3 = mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve)
  • inferior alveolar nerve (sensory to mandible, lower teeth, and overlying skin)
  • nerve to mylohyoid (branches from the inferior alveolar nerve to supply the muscles of the floor of the mouth)
  • lingual nerve (general sensation to anterior 2/3 of tongue - NOT taste)
22
Q

What supplies the general sensation and the special taste sensation of the tongue?

A
  • anterior 2/3: the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve supplies taste; lingual nerve (branch of trigeminal nerve V3) supplies general sensation
  • posterior 1/3: general sensation and taste provided by the glossopharyngeal nerve
23
Q

Abducens Nerve

A
  • CN VI
  • arises from the ventral groove between the pons and medulla
  • travels through the cavernous sinus and through the superior orbital fissure
  • supplies the lateral rectus muscle
24
Q

Facial Nerve

A
  • CN VII
  • arises from the ventral groove between the pons and medulla
  • emerges as two roots: the main motor root and the nervus intermedius (taste senesory and parasympathetic; lies inbetween the main motor root and CN VIII); both roots enter the internal acoustic meatus and then merge into a single nerve
  • passes into the facial canal, forms the geniculate ganglion, greater petrosal nerve branch, nerve to stapedius muscle, and then chorda tympani before exiting via the stylomastoid foramen
  • once out, it gives off several more branches to supply facial muscles
25
Q

What is the geniculate ganglion? The greater petrosal nerve? The chorda tympani?

A
  • these are all structures arisnig from the facial nerve
  • geniculate ganglion contains primary sensory cells of taste
  • greater petrosal nerve contains parasympathetic fibers
  • chorda tympani joins the lingual nerve of V3 to supply the anterior 2/3 of tongue with taste sensation
26
Q

What are the five main trunks of the facial nerve that arise once the nerve leaves the stylomastoid foramen?

A
  • (these supply the facial muscles)
  • TZBMC: temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical
  • (also have the posterior auricular)
27
Q

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

A
  • CN VIII
  • emerges from the ventral groove between pons and medulla (immediately lateral to the nervus intermedius of CN VII)
  • contains the vestibular (balance sensation) and cochlear (aduitory sensation) nerves; these branch from the main nerve body once it passes through the internal acoustic meatus
  • it does not leave the skull
28
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

A
  • CN IX
  • emerges from the ventral medulla (between the olive and the inferior cerebellar peduncle) and leaves the skull via the jugular foramen
29
Q

Vagus Nerve

A
  • CN X
  • emerges from the ventral medulla (between the olive and the inferior cerebellar peduncle) and leaves the skull via the jugular foramen (it forms a superior ganglion before leaving and an inferior ganglion once it leaves)
  • in the neck, it lies in the carotid sheath (with the carotid arteries and internal jugular vein) and gives off the superior laryngeal nerve and then the recurrent laryngeal nerve
30
Q

Accessory Nerve

A
  • CN XI
  • composed of a cranial root and spinal accessory root
  • cranial root emerges from the ventral medulla (between the olive and the inferior cerebellar peduncle)
  • spinal root is formed by C1-C5 and enters the foramen magnum
  • the two join together and then leave via the jugular foramen
  • spinal fibers innervate trapezius and sternocleidomastoid; cranial innervate pharyngeal muscles
31
Q

What joins the inferior vagal ganglion?

A
  • (this ganglion forms after the vagus nerve emerges from the jugular foramen)
  • it is joined by the accessory nerve’s spinal fibers to be distributed to the pharyngeal muscles
32
Q

Hypoglossal Nerve

A
  • CN XII

- emerges from the ventral medulla between the pyramid and olive and leaves via the hypoglossal canal

33
Q

What joins the hypoglossal nerve? What is the ansa cervicalis

A
  • motor fibers from the upper 2 or 3 cervical spinal nerves join the hypoglossal nerve and then leave it to form a loop of nerves called the ansa cervicalis

Anatomy (18 decks)

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