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Anatomy > Upper Limb > Flashcards

Upper Limb Flashcards

1
Q

what is flexion

A

a movement that decreases the angle between 2 body parts

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2
Q

what is extension

A

a movement that increases the angle between 2 body parts

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3
Q

what bones make up the pectoral girdle

A

clavicle and scapula

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4
Q

what bone is in the arm

A

humerus

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5
Q

what bones make up the forearm

A

radius and ulna

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6
Q

what is the name of the bones that make up the wrist

A

carpal bones

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7
Q

what does the clavicle articulate with

A

acromium process of the scapula laterally
acromioclavicular joint
sternum medially
sternoclavicular joint

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8
Q

3 ligaments of the clavicle and the scapula

A

acromioclavicular (covers)
conoid(coracoid to conoid tubercle)
trapeziod (coracoid to trapezoid line)

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9
Q

what are the conoid and trapezoid ligaments known. as

A

coracoclavicular ligament

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10
Q

what are the articulations of the humerus

A

proximally: scapula - glenohumeral joint
distally: radius and ulna (elbow joint)

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11
Q

what is the name for the shoulder joint

A

glenohumeral joint

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12
Q

what type of joint is glenohumeral

A

synovial ball and socket

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13
Q

what are the joint surfaces of the glenohumeral joint

A

head of humerus and glenoid fossa of scapula

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14
Q

movements of the glenohumeral joint

A

flexion/extension
abduction/adduction
medial rotation/lateral rotation
circumduction

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15
Q

what 3 things give stability to the glenohumeral joint

A

rotator cuff muscles (pulls head in)
glenoid labrum (deepens cavity)
ligaments (reinforce capsule)

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16
Q

what are bursae

A

fluid-filled sac between ligaments and protects from bone, stopping surfaces from rubbing together

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17
Q

neurovascular supply to the glenohumeral joint

A

arterial: ant and post circumflex arteries and suprascapular arteries
innervation: axillary, suprascapular, lateral pectoral nerves

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18
Q

what kind of joint is the elbow joint

A

synovial hinge joint

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19
Q

what are the 2 components of the elbow joint

A

articulation between humerus and ulna @ trochlea
articulation between humerus and radius @ capitulum

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20
Q

what are the ligaments called that support the elbow joint

A

radial collateral ligament - lat epicondyle and blends with annular ligament
ulnar collateral - med epicondyle yo coronoid process and olecrannon

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21
Q

what are the 2 radioulnar joints

A

proximal - head of radius and radial notch of ulna - annular ligament
distal - head of ulnar and ulnar notch of the radius - ant and post radioulnar ligaments

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22
Q

name the bones of the wrist

A

Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate

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23
Q

what is the name for the wrist joint

A

radiocarpal joint

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24
Q

what type of joint is the radiocarpal joint

A

condyloid joint

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25
Q

what is the joint between the 2 rows of carpal bones

A

midcarpal

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26
Q

what type of joint are the medial 4 carpometacarpal joints

A

plane joints

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27
Q

what type of joint is the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

A

saddle joint

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28
Q

what 5 muscles are involved in the movements of the shoulder girdle

A

Trapezius
Rhomboids
Levator scapulae
Serratus anterior
Pectoralis minor

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29
Q

what are the anterior axioappendicular muscles

A

Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior
Subclavius

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30
Q

what are the posterior axioappendicular muscles

A

Trapezius
Lattissimus dorsi
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor
Deltoid
Rotator cuff group
Teres major

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31
Q

what muscles are in the scapulohumeral group

A

deltoid, rotator cuff group, teres major

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32
Q

what are the superficial group of the axioappendicular muscles

A

trapezius
latissimus dorsi

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33
Q

what is the the function of the superfical group of the axioappendicular muscles

A

connect upper limb to axial skeleton
move scapula
move humerus

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34
Q

attachments of trapezius

A

occipital bone, nuchal ligament, spinous processes c7-t12
attach to clavicle, acromiom and spine of scapula

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35
Q

nerve supply to trapezius

A

CN XI spinal accessory nerve

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36
Q

the functions of the 3 fibres in the trapezius

A

superior fibres-elevate scapula and rotate during abduction
middle fibres-retract scapula
inferior fibres - pull scapula inferiorly

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37
Q

attachments of latissimus dorsi

A

arises from spinous process of T7-T12, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia and ribs 10-12
tendons insert into intertubercular sulcus of the humerus

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38
Q

nerve supply to latissimus dorsi

A

thoracodorsal nerve

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39
Q

action of latissimus dorsi

A

extend, adduct and medially rotate upper limb

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40
Q

attachment, innervation and action of levator scapulae

A

C1-C4 transverse processes -> medial border of scapula
dorsal scapular nerve
elevate scapula

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41
Q

where do you find rhomboids

A

deep to trapezius and inferior to levator scapulae
fibres run inferolaterally from the vertebrae to medial border of scapulae

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42
Q

attachment, innervation and action of rhomboid major

A

spinous processes of T2-T5 vertebrae ->medial border of scapula
dorsal scapular nerve
retracts and downward rotate

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43
Q

attachment, innervation and action of rhomboid minor

A

spinous processes of C7-T1 -> medial border of scapula
dorsal scapular nerve
retract and downward rotate scapula

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44
Q

attachment and action of deltoid muscle

A

clavicle, acromion process, spine -> deltoid tuberosity of humerus
anterior: flexion and medial rotation
posterior: extend and laterally rotate
middle: abduct arm past 15 degrees

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45
Q

attachment, innervation and action of teres major

A

inferior aspect of scapula -> intertubercular groove of humerus
lower subscapular nerve
adduction and medial rotation

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46
Q

what 4 muscles make up the rotator cuff

A

Supraspinatus
Infrapinatus
Subscapularis
Teres minor

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47
Q

attachment, innervation and action of supraspinatus

A

supraspinous fossa->greater tubercle of humerus
suprascapular nerve
abduct arm first 15 degrees

48
Q

attachment, innervation and action of infraspinatus

A

infraspinous fossa -> greater tubercle of humerus
suprascapular nerve
laterally rotate arm

49
Q

attachment, innervation and action of subscapularis

A

subscapular fossa -> lesser tubercle of the humerus
upper and lower subscapular nerves
medially rotates arm

50
Q

attachment, innervation and action of teres minor

A

posterior scapula-> greater tubercle of humerus
axillary nerve
laterally rotates the arm

51
Q

muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm

A

Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis

52
Q

muscles of the posterior compartment of the arm

A

triceps brachii
anconeus

53
Q

what are the 3 heads of triceps brachii

A

long-infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
medial - post. surface of humerus, inferior to radial groove
lateral - post surface sup to radial groove

54
Q

insertion, innervation and action of triceps brachii

A

insert into olecranon of ulna
radial nerve
extend forearm at elbow

55
Q

attachment, innervation and action of anconeus

A

lateral epicondyle of humerus to posterolateral aspect of olecranon
radial nerve
extend forearm @ elbow. stabilising extended joint

56
Q

what is exits the quadrangular space

A

neurovascular supply to the scapular region
axillar n, posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein

57
Q

describe the function of axillary nerve

A

motor innervation: deltoid and teres minor
cutaneous innervation: regimental patch
innervation to glenohumeral joint

58
Q

attachment, innervation, blood supply and action of pectoralis major

A

medial clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages->intertubercular groove of humerus
medial and lateral pectoral nerve
thoracoacromial trunk
clavicular head= flex; 2 heads adduct and medially rotate

59
Q

attachment, innervation, blood supply and action of pectoralis minor

A

coracoid process -> ribs 3,4,5
medial pectoral nerve
thoracoacromial trunk
protract and stabilise

60
Q

what muscles attach on the intertubercular groove

A

Pectoralis major
Latissimus dorsi
Teres major

61
Q

attachment, innervation, blood supply and action of serratus anterior

A

upper 8 ribs -> medial border and inf. angle of scapula
long thoracic nerve
thoracodorsal, lateral and superior thoracic artery
draw scapula forward, rotate scapula

62
Q

attachment, innervation and action of biceps brachii

A

long head supraglenoid tubercle;short coracoid -> radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis
musculocutaneous nerve
supinate forearm

63
Q

attachment, innervation and action of brachialis

A

medial and lateral aspects of shaft of humerus -> tuberosity of ulna
musculocutaneous nerve
flexor of elbow joint

64
Q

attachment, innervation and action of coracobrachialis

A

coracoid process -> medial shaft
musculocutaneous n (pierces musc)
flexes arm @ shoulder joint;weak adductor

65
Q

Branches of the subclavian artery

A

Vertebral
Internal thoracic
Thyrocervical trunk
Costocervical trunk
Dosal scapular

66
Q

describe the axillary artery

A

supplies walls of axilla and related regions
continuos with subclavian and brachial artery
related to cords of brachial plexus

67
Q

branches of axillary artery

A

Superior thoracic
Thoracoacromial
Lateral thoracic
Subscapular
Anterior circumflex humeral
Posterior circumflex humeral
screw the laywer save a patient

68
Q

describe the brachial artery

A

continuation of axillary artery
main blood supply for arm
gives the profunda brachii - radial groove of humerus
terminates as bifurcates into radial and ulnar arteries

69
Q

describe venous drainage from upper limb to heart

A

superficial: cephalic vein, basilic vein, median cubital
deep: radial veins, ulnar veins, brachial veins

70
Q

lymphatic drainage of the upper limb

A

above umbilicus level -> axillary nodes
drain into jugular-subclavian confluence

71
Q

what is the axilla formed by

A

clavicle, scapula, thoracic wall, humerus and associated muscles

72
Q

what makes up the borders of the axilla

A

Apex: 1st rib, scapula, clavicle
Ant.: pec maj and min, subclavius
Medial: thoracic wall and serratus ant.
Post.: subscapularis, teres major, latissimus dorsi
Lat.: intertubercular groove of the humerus
Floor: skin and fascia

73
Q

what is the brachial plexus formed by

A

union of the anterior rami of the last 4 cervical (C5-8) and first thoracic (T1)

74
Q

describe the musculocutaneous nerve

A

most lateral
pierces coracobrachialis
supplies BC
cutaneous innervation to skin of forearm

75
Q

describe the median nerve

A

runs medially in forearm
innervate some flexor musc of forearm, thenar musc of thumb, lateral lumbricals
cutaneous innervation to lat aspect of palm and 3 1/2 digits on palmar surface

76
Q

describe the radial nerve

A

exits via triangular interval
descends in soiral groove of humerus
motor innervation to posterior upper limb
cutaenous innervation to post arm and forearm, and post and lateral dorsum of hand

77
Q

describe the ulnar nerve

A

medially in UL
innervates muscle of hand and some flexor of forearm
cut. inn. of ant and post of 1.5 digits and palm

78
Q

what is wrist drop

A

inability to extend the wrist and/or digits

79
Q

what causes wrist drop

A

damage or injury to the radial N or its branches
midshaft humerus: extension of elbow affected
forearm: elbow extension possible
numbness on forearm post. and hand dorsum

80
Q

what causes ERB’s palsy & what is it

A

upper brachial plexus lesion
excessive displacement of head to opposite side/depression of shoulder on same side

81
Q

what are the muscles in the superficial group of the forearm

A

Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris

82
Q

what are the muscles in the deep group of the forearm

A

Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus

83
Q

what muscle is in the intermediate group of the forearm

A

flexor digitorum superficialis

84
Q

attachment, innervation and action of pronator teres

A

medial epicondyle -> radius
median nerve
pronates

85
Q

attachment, innervation and action of flexor carpi radialis

A

medial epicondyle -> 2nd metacarpal
median nerve
flex and abduct

86
Q

attachment, innervation and action of palmaris longus

A

medial epicondyle -> flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis
median nerve
flex

87
Q

attachment, innervation and action of flexor carpi ulnaris

A

medial epicodyle -> 5th metacarpal
ulnar nerve
flex, adduct

88
Q

attachment, innervation and action of flexor digitorum superficialis

A

common flexor tendon,ulna,radius -> middle phalanx of digit 2-5
median n
flex

89
Q

attachment, innervation and action of flexor digitorum profundus

A

ulna&interosseous membrane -> distal phalanx of digit 2-5
lateral half= median nerve, medial half by ulnar n
flexion

90
Q

attachment, innervation and action of flexor pollicis longus

A

radius and interosseous membrane -> distal phalanx of digit 1
median nerve
flexes wrist and joints of thumb

91
Q

attachment, innervation and action of pronator quadratus

A

radius->ulna
median n
pronate forearm

92
Q

what is the cubital fossa

A

triangular area on the anterior view of the elbow
bounded by muscles and bone

93
Q

boundaries of cubital fossa

A

Sup: imaginary line between epicondyles
Medial: lateral border or pronator teres
Lat: medial border of brachioradialis
Apex: meeting point of lateral and medial boundaries
Roof: bicipital aponeurosis
Floor: brachialis

94
Q

contents of the cubital fossa

A

T biceps brachii tendon
A brachial artery
N median nerve

95
Q

what is the carpal tunnel

A

narrow passage in the wrist

96
Q

borders of the carpal tunnel

A

Deep- carpal arch
Superficial- flexor retinaculum

97
Q

contents of carpal tunnel

A

tendons from FDS x 4
tendons from FDP x 4
tendon from FPL
median nerve

98
Q

what is carpal tunnel syndrome

A

occurs due to swelling or compression of median n in carpal tunnel
overweight, pregnant, repetitive movements

99
Q

what are the muscles in the anterior forearm innervated by

A

median nerve
except FCU and the medial half of FDP

100
Q

what are the muscles in the hand innervated by

A

ulnar nerve
except HALF LOAF
HALF Lumbricals
Opponens pollicis
Abductor pollicis
Flexor pollicis brevis

101
Q

what is indicative of median nerve damage

A

weak wrist flexion
forearm may be supine
weak or total loss of flexion in MCP and/or IP joints
Hand of benediction when making fist

102
Q

what is indicative of ulnar nerve damage

A

weak wrist flexion
loss of flexion of digits 4&5
loss of sensation
loss of thumb adduction

103
Q

what are the superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm

A

Brachoradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
ECR brevis
Ext. digitorum
Ext. digiti minimi
Ext. carpi ulnaris

104
Q

what are the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm

A

Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor policis logus
Ext. pollicis brevis
Extensor indices
Supinator

105
Q

what nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the forearm

A

radial nerve

106
Q

attachment, innervation and action of brachioradialis

A

lat. supracondylar ridge of humerus-> styloid process of distal radius
radial n
flexes forearm at elbow

107
Q

where do the superficial muscles in the posterior compartment of forearm originate except brachioradialis

A

lateral epicondyle

108
Q

what is the function of the superficial muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm ex. brachioradialis

A

extend the wrist

109
Q

where do the deep muscles of the posterior compartment originate

A

interosseous membrane, ulna or radius

110
Q

what is the action of the deep muscles of the forearm

A

extend the wrist (except supinator)

111
Q

attachment and action of supinator

A

proximal ulna and lat epicondyle of humerus -> proximal radius
supinate forearm

112
Q

what are the borders of the anatomical snuffbox

A

base: styloid process of radius
medial: extensor pollicis longus
lateral: extensor pollicis brevis and APL
floor: scaphoid and trapezium
roof: overlying skin

113
Q

contents of anatomical snuffbox

A

radial artery, superficial radial nerve

114
Q

what gives vascular su0pply to the forearm and hand

A

brachial artery branches to give radial and ulnar
other branches
anastomose with radial and ulnar to form anastamotic network

115
Q

describe the ulnar artery in the forearm

A

runs deep to pronator teres and FCU muscles
in hand, branches to give supply to deep palmar arch and superficial palmar arch

116
Q

describe the radial artery in the forearm

A

runs deep to brachioradialis
in hand, branches to give supply to the deep palmar arch and superficial palmar arch

117
Q

what innervates the dorsum of the hand

A

the superficial branch of the radial nerve gives innervation to part

Anatomy (6 decks)

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