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Anatomy > Lower limb > Flashcards

Lower limb Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles in anterior thigh

A

Quadriceps Femoris, Sartorius, Pectineus, Iliopsoas

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2
Q

muscles in medial thigh

A

adductor brevis, longus and magnus, gracilis, obturator externus

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3
Q

muscles in posterior thigh

A

biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus

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4
Q

gluteal muscles

A

gluteus maximus, minimus, medius, tensor fasia lata, prirformis, obturator internus, sup and inf gemelli, quadratus femoris

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5
Q

Name of Hip joint

A

acetabulofemoral joint

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6
Q

name of knee joint

A

tibiofemoral joint

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7
Q

ankle joint name

A

talocrural

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8
Q

3 bones that make up hip bone

A

ilium, pubis, ischium

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9
Q

what is the acetabular notch

A

permits vessels to enter joint and gives attachment for ligament of head of femur

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10
Q

3 ligaments around the hip joint

A

iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral

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11
Q

what kind of joint is tibiofemoral joint

A

hinge synovial

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12
Q

tibial plateau is deepened by…

A

medial and lateral meniscus

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13
Q

what is ACL

A

A-anterior cruciate ligament
P-osteriorly ans inserts on
EX-ternal lat femroal condyle

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14
Q

what is PCL

A

P-posterior cruciate runs
A-nteriorly and inserts on
IN-ternal medial femoral condyl

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15
Q

what does ACL prevent

A

anterior displacement of tibia relative to femur

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16
Q

what does PCL prevent

A

posterior displacement od tibia relative to femur

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17
Q

what kind of bone is patella

A

sesamoid

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18
Q

where does patella form

A

within tendon of quadriceps femoris

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19
Q

What keeps patella attached

A

QF muscle-QF ligament-patella-patellar ligament- tibial tuberosity

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20
Q

why do we have a patella?

A

changes the angle the quadriceps inserts on the tibia - increasing strength by 10-50% (less in flexion more in extension)

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21
Q

what does patella articulate with

A

anterior - apex inferior and attaches to patellar ligament
posterior - large lateral and smaller medial facet articulate with femur

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22
Q

Name the tarsal bones

A

medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiforms
Navicular
Talus
Cuboid
Calcaneus

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23
Q

what type of joint is the talocrural joint

A

hinge synovial joint

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24
Q

what bones are involved in the talocrural joint

A

tibia, fibula and talus

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25
Q

what are the movements of the talocrural joint

A

dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

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26
Q

when do most talocrural injuries occur?

A

when ankle is plantarflexed - less stable

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27
Q

why does dorsiflexion make the ankle more stable?

A

anterior part of trochlea fits more snugly in the mortise

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28
Q

parts of the deltoid ligament

A

Anterior Tibiotalar
Posterior tibiotalar
Tibiocalcaneal
Tibionavicular

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29
Q

parts of the lateral ligament

A

anterior talofibular
posterior talofibular
calcaneofibular

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30
Q

what is the most commonly sprained ligament and why

A

lateral - excessive INversion

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31
Q

what ligament bridges the calcaneous and navicular and supports the talar head

A

Spring (plantar calcaneonavicular) ligament

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32
Q

what ligaments extend between the calcaneous and the cuboid

A

short and long plantar ligaments

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33
Q

what helps maintain longitudinal arch of the foot and what is is important for

A

plantar ligaments and plantar aponeurosis
VIP - shock absorption

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34
Q

what are limb muscles grouped into compartments by

A

sleeves of fascia and septa

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35
Q

what is the name of the fascia surrounding the thigh

A

fascia lata

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36
Q

what is the function of the fascia lata

A

compresses muscles, increasing blood flow

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37
Q

3 compartments of the thigh

A

anterior, medial, posterior

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38
Q

action and innervation of anterior compartment

A

flexion of hip, extension of knee
femoral N

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39
Q

action and innervation of medial compartment

A

adduction of hip
obturator nerve

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40
Q

action and innervation of posterior compartment

A

extension of hip, flexion of knee
sciatic N

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41
Q

attachments and action of sartorius muscle

A

ASIS to medial proximal tibia
flex, abduct, laterally rotate hip; flex knee

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42
Q

attachments and action of pectineus

A

pectineal line of pubis to pectineal line of femur
Adduct, flex hip

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43
Q

what are the 4 heads of the quadriceps femoris

A

rectus femoris
vastus medialis
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius

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44
Q

origin of the 4 heads of the quadriceps femoris

A

RF- AIIS
VM-intertrochanteric line, linea aspera
VL - greater trochanter, linea aspera
VI- anterior femur

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45
Q

where do the heads of the quadriceps femoris insert

A

patella

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46
Q

what is the action of quadriceps femoris

A

extend knee, RF flexes hip

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47
Q

what 2 muscles make up iliopsoas

A

psoas major and iliacus

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48
Q

origin of iliopsoas

A

PM- T12-L5 vertebrae
Iliacus - Iliac fossa

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49
Q

insertion and action of iliopsoas

A

insert: lesser trochanter
action: main flexor of hip

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50
Q

what are the borders of the femoral triangle

A

S - sartorius
A - adductor longus
IL - inguinal ligament
Roof - fascia lata
Floor- iliopsoas, pectineus, adductor longus

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51
Q

what are the contents of the femoral triangle

A

N - femoral N
A - femoral artery
V - femoral vein
E - empty space
L - lymphatics

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52
Q

what is function of femoral canal

A

space for expansion of vein

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53
Q

what are the exceptions to the innervation of the anterior compartment of thigh

A

Psoas major - anterior rami of L1-L3
Pectineus - femoral AND obturator

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54
Q

what is femoral nerve formed by

A

anterior rami of L2,3,4 spinal nerve
(2,3 lift my knee, 3,4 kick the door)

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55
Q

what path does femoral N take

A
  1. between psoas major and iliacus
  2. deep to inguinal ligament
  3. branches in femoral triangle to motor and sensory
  4. innervates skin and muscles
  5. terminal sensory branch enters adductor canal
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56
Q

what is the terminal sensory branch of the femoral N

A

saphenous nerve

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57
Q

attachments and action of gracilis

A

pubis (inf ramus) to medial proximal tibia
adduct hip, flex knee

58
Q

attachments and action of adductor longus

A

pubis (body) to linea aspera
adduct hip

59
Q

attachments and action of adductor brevis

A

pubis (body and inf ramus) to linea aspera
adduct hip

60
Q

attachments and action of adductor magnus

A

adductor: isciopubic ramus to linea aspera; adduct and flex hip
hamstring: ischial tuberosity to adductor tubercle; extend hip

61
Q

attachments and action of obturator externus

A

obterator membrane to greater trochanter
laterally rotate hip

62
Q

where is the adductor canal

A

between femoral triangle and adductor hiatus, deep to sartorius

63
Q

walls on adductor canal

A

anterolateral: vastus medialis
posterior: adductor longus and brevis
opens inferiorly to adductor hiatus

64
Q

contents of adductor canal

A

N to vastus medialis
Saphenous N
Femoral artery and vein

65
Q

what is the adductor hiatus

A

an opening in adductor magnus tenson

66
Q

what passes through adductor hiatus to get to where

A

femoral vessels to enter popliteal fossa - now popliteal artery and vein

67
Q

what nerve innervates medial compartment of thigh

A

obturator nerve

68
Q

what is obturator n formed by

A

L2,3,4 anterior rami

69
Q

path of obturator nerve

A
  1. medial to psoas major
  2. exits pelvis via obturator canal
  3. divides into anterior and posterior branch
  4. pass anterior and posterior to adductor brevis
  5. innervate skin and muscles of medial thigh
70
Q

what is the exception for innervation by obturator n in medial compartment

A

hamstring part of adductor magnus - sicatic nerve

71
Q

what causes varicose veins

A

damaged valve allows backflow from deep to superficial veins
buildup of blood

72
Q

treatment for varicose veins

A

surgical removal, laser therapy, sclerotherapy

73
Q

origin, ascension and drainage of great saphenous vein

A

O - medial foot
A - medial leg, thigh
D -femoral vein

74
Q

origin, ascension and drainage of small saphenous vein

A

O - lateral foot
A - posterior leg
D - popliteal vein

75
Q

what does iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal supply

A

abdominal skin and muscles

76
Q

what does genitofemoral N supply

A

scrotal muscle and sensation to medial thigh

77
Q

what does lateral femoral cutaneous n supply

A

sensation to lateral thigh

78
Q

what is the lumbar plexus

A

plexus of nerves formed by L1-L4 anterior rami

79
Q

where is lumbar plexus located

A

posterior to psoas major muscle

80
Q

what is the action of the muscles in the gluteal region

A

muscles that abduct and laterally rotate hip

81
Q

what is the greater sciatic foramen

A

an opening allowing structures from pelvis to enter gluteal region

82
Q

what is the iliotibial tract

A

thickening of fascia lata, inserts on lateral tibial condyle

83
Q

attachment, function and innervation of Tensor Fascia Lata

A

A - iliac tubercule - iliotibial tract
F - flex hip, stabilise knee
I - superior gluteal nerve

84
Q

what is iliotibial band syndrome

A

overuse injury, pain as band passes over lateral femoral epicondyle or greater trochanter

85
Q

attachment, function and innervation of Gluteus maximum

A

A - sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament, ilium -> iliotibial tract, gluteal tuberosity
F - extend, laterally rotate hip
I - inferior gluteal nerve

86
Q

attachment, function and innervation of gluteus medius

A

A - ilium (between post and ant gluteal lines) ->greater trochanter
F - abduct, medially rotate hip
I - sup. gluteal n

87
Q

attachment, function and innervation of gluteus minimus

A

A - ilium (between ant and inf gluteal lines) ->greater trochanter
F - abduct, medially rotate hip
I - sup. gluteal n

88
Q

What are the 5 muscles that rotate the hip

A

Piriformis
Sup. Gemellus
Obturator Internus
Inf Gemellus
Quadratus Femoris

89
Q

where do the hip rotators originate

A

Piriformis - sacrum
Sup. Gemellus - ischial spine
Obturator Internus - obturator membrane
Inf Gemellus - ischial tub
Quadratus Femoris - ischial tuberosity

90
Q

where do the hip rotators insert

A

greater trochanter

91
Q

function of the 5 muscles around the hip joint

A

laterally rotate extended hip, abduct flexed hip

92
Q

innervation of the muscles around the hip joint

A

Nerve to piriformis
N to obturator internus (+sup.gem)
N to quadratus femoris (+inf.gem)

93
Q

where is the sacral plexus located

A

anterior to piriformis

94
Q

what is the sacral plexus formed by

A

L4-S4 anterior rami

95
Q

what is Trendelenburg Gait

A

gluteus medius impaired. it keeps pelvis steady when contralateral limb off ground. if left affected, falls to right

96
Q

Attachment, innervation and action of hamstring muscles

A

Attach: ischial tuberosity
I: Sciatic (tibial division)
A: extend hip and flex knee

97
Q

what are the 3 hamstring muscles

A

semitendinosus ->tibia
semimembranosus->tibia
biceps femoris (long head)->fibula

98
Q

what is the non-hamstring muscle in the posterior compartment

A

biceps femoris (short head)

99
Q

attachments, innervation and action of bicep femoris short head

A

linea aspera of femur to fibula
I: sciatic fibular division
A: flex knee

100
Q

what muscles insert on medial proximal tibia (Pes anserinus)

A

Sgt Goose
Sartorius, Gracillus, semiTendinosus

101
Q

where does sciatic N originate

A

L-4-S3 anterior rami

102
Q

what path does sciatic n take

A

deep to biceps femoris
enters popliteal fossa
divides into tibial and common fibular n

103
Q

causes of sciatica

A

intervertebral disc is bulging and compressing any of the L4-S3 nerve roots
compression by piriformis due to spasm or variation in exit of sciatic n

104
Q

what is sciatica

A

pain felt radiating along the course of the sciatic n

105
Q

what are the borders of the popliteal fossa

A

biceps femoris(superloaterally)
semitendinosus and semimembranosus (superomedially)
medial and lateral heads of gastrocnesmius (inferiorly)
roof: popliteal fascia, skin
floor: femur, popliteus muscle

106
Q

contents of popliteal fossa

A

tibial and common fibular n
small saphenous vein
fat, lymph nodes
popliteal artery and vein

107
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle contraction

A

concentric, isometric, eccentric

108
Q

what happens in concentric muscle contraction

A

muscle contracts and shortens

109
Q

what happens in isometric muscle contraction

A

muscle contracts but length does not change

110
Q

what happens in eccentric muscle contraction

A

muscle contracts and lengthens

111
Q

what are agonists

A

muscles causing the movement by contraction

112
Q

what are antagonists

A

slowly relaxes as agonist contracts would usually produce opposing movement

113
Q

what are synergists

A

contract at same time as agonist

114
Q

No. of muscles in posterior compartment of lower limb, action @ ankle and innervation

A

7
plantarflexion
Tibial

115
Q

No. of muscles in anterior compartment of lower limb, action @ ankle and innervation

A

4
dorsiflexion
deep fibular

116
Q

No. of muscles in lateral compartment of lower limb, action @ ankle and innervation

A

2
eversion
superficial fibular

117
Q

what is leg surrounded by

A

crural fascia

118
Q

what are the superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg

A

plantaris
gastrocnemius
soleus

119
Q

what are the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg

A

popliteus
flexor digitorum longus
tibialis posterior
flexor hallucis logus

120
Q

Gastrocnemius origin, action

A

medial and lateral femoral condyles -> calcaneal tendon
explosive actions, flex knee

121
Q

Soleus origin, insertion, action

A

fibula&soleal line of tibia -> calcaneal
standing and musculovenous pump

122
Q

plantaris origin, insertion, action

A

femur -> calcaneal tendon
weak plantarflexion, proprioceptive

123
Q

popliteus origin, insertion, action

A

lateral femoral condyle -> post. proximal tibia
unlock and weakly flex knee

124
Q

flexor hallucis longus origin, insertion, action

A

fibula, interosseous membrane -> distal phalanx 1
plantarflex, flex hallux

125
Q

tibialis posterior origin, insertion, action

A

fibula, interosseous membrane, tibia->navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid, 2-4 metatarsals
plantarflex, inverts

126
Q

flexor digitorum longus origin, insertion, action

A

tibia-> distal phalanges 2-5
flexes digits 2-5

127
Q

where is the tarsal tunnel

A

posterior to medial malleolus and deep to flexor retinaculum

128
Q

what is retinaculum

A

a fascial band that holds tendons down and prevents bowstringing

129
Q

tarsal tunnel contents

A

T ibialis posterior
flexor Digitorum longus
posterior tibial Artery
Vein
tibial Nerve
flexor Hallucis longus

130
Q

what is the medical term for shin splints

A

medial tibial stress syndrome

131
Q

what structures are in the superficial fascia of the posterior leg

A

sural n and small saphenous vein

132
Q

fibularis longus origin, insertion, action

A

originate on fibula, pass posterior to lateral malleolus
runs under foot->1st metatarsal, medial cuneiform
evert and plantarflex

133
Q

fibularis brevis origin, insertion, action

A

originate on fibula, pass posterior to lateral malleolus
metatarsal 5
evert and plantarflex

134
Q

fibularis tertius origin, insertion, action

A

interosseous membrane and fibula->5th metatarsal
dorsiflex, evert

135
Q

extensor digitorum longus origin, insertion, action

A

tibia, interosseous membranem fibula-> phalanges of digits 2-4
dorsiflex, extend digits 2-4

136
Q

extensor hallucis longus origin, insertion, action

A

interosseous membrane and fibula->distal phalanx of hallux
dorsiflex, extend digit 1

137
Q

tibialis anterior origin, insertion, action

A

tibia and interosseous membrane-> 1st metatarsal, medial cuneiform
dorsiflex, invert

138
Q

what is bi-pedal walking due to

A

fibularis longus insertion moved medially across sole
development of fibularis tertius

139
Q

what results from deep or common fibular nerve damage

A

weak dorsiflexion, high stepping gait and foot drop

140
Q

describe the tibial n path

A

under soleal arch
between 2 layers of posterior compartment
tarsal tunnel
divides into medial and lateral plantar n

141
Q

what 2 nerves are in the posterior leg

A

tibial and common fibular

142
Q

what are the main vessels in the posterior leg

A

popliteal a divides into posterior tibial a and anterior tibial a

Anatomy (6 decks)

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