Muscles of Face and Cranial Nerves

Question 1

what are the layers of the scalp

Answer 1

Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose CT
Pericranium

Question 2

where does scalping cleave?

Answer 2

the LCT

Question 3

why is scalping dangerous

Answer 3

infection spreads easily in the LCT layer
dangerous because of connections with emissary veins that drain to veins inside the skull

Question 4

what nerve innervates facial muscles

Answer 4

Facial nerve - cranial nerve VII

Question 5

attachments and function of occipitofrontalis

Answer 5

occipital bone -> occipital belly -> epicranial aponeurosis -> frontal belly -> forehead skin
raises eyebrows

Question 6

attachments and function of nasalis

Answer 6

maxilla near medial orbit -> alar cartilage of nose
flares nostril

Question 7

attachments and function of orbicularis oculi

Answer 7

medial orbit->skin around orbit and eyelids
outer ring closes eye forcefully
inner ring closes gently

Question 8

attachments and function of procerus

Answer 8

nasal cartilage -> skin between eyebrows
transverse wrinkle between eyes

Question 9

attachments and function of orbicularis oris

Answer 9

medial maxilla, mandible, modiolus -> skin of lips
close, protrude lips

Question 10

attachments and function of zygomaticus minor and major

Answer 10

zygomatic arch -> skin of upper lip
elevate, retract upper lip

Question 11

attachments and function of levator anguli oris

Answer 11

maxilla near canines -> modiolus
elevate angle of the mouth

Question 12

attachments and function of levator labii superioris

Answer 12

maxilla near inferior orbit -> skin of upper lip
elevate, retract upper lip

Question 13

attachments and function of buccinator

Answer 13

mandible, maxilla, pterygomandicular raphe -> modiolus
presses cheek against teeth, resist distension, sphincter of parotid duct

Question 14

how does the buccinator act as a sphincter for the parotid duct

Answer 14

parotid duct perforates buccinator bringing saliva from parotid salivary gland into oral cavity, if blowing air into cheeks buccinator prevents air entering duct

Question 15

attachments and function of depressor anguli oris

Answer 15

mandible->modiolus
depress inferior lips

Question 16

attachments and function of depressor labii inferioris

Answer 16

mandile -> skin of lower lip
depress, retract lower lip

Question 17

attachments and function of mentalis

Answer 17

mandible near incisors -> skin of chin
elevate, protrude lower lip

Question 18

attachments and function of platysma

Answer 18

supraclavicular skin -> mandible, skin of lower lip
depress mandible, tense skin on neck

Question 19

what path does the facial nerve take

Answer 19

internal acoustic meatus -> facial canal -> stylomastoid foramen
enters parotid salivary gland and divides into 5 terminal branches

Question 20

what are the 5 terminal branches of the facial nerve

Answer 20

Two Zebras Bought My Car
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical

Question 21

what is the cause of Bell’s palsy

Answer 21

idiopathic
maybe virus? inflammation, oedema, compression, ischaemia of nerve in bony facial canal

Question 22

what are the signs of bell’s palsy

Answer 22

facial muscle paralysis, ptosis, dry mouth/eye (lacrimal gland) taste alteration, hyperacusis

Question 23

what potential treatments are there for Bell’s palsy

Answer 23

steroids, eyedrops, tape eye closed at night

Question 24

what is the action and uses of Botox

Answer 24

Botulinum toxin
blocks Ach release at NMJ
crows feet - orbicularis oculi
horizontal forehead wrinkles, frontalis
stabisimus crossed eyes
hyperhidrosis excessive sweating

Question 25

what are the potential side effects of botox spreading

Answer 25

muscle weakness, double vision, trouble breathin, swallowing

Question 26

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there

Answer 26

12 pairs

Question 27

what is the only motor ONLY cranial nerve

Answer 27

spinal accessory nerve

Question 28

describe the olfactory nerve (path and function)

Answer 28

cranial nerve 1 innervate nasal mucosa for sense of smell pass superiorly through cribriform plate -> enter olfactory bulb -> signals travel back to brain via olfactory tract

Question 29

describe the optic nerve (path and fucntion)

Answer 29

cranial nerve 2 sensory nerves of the retina travel to the brain via optic nerves may cross at optic chiasm travel in the optic tracts back to the brain

Question 30

what are cranial nerves 3,4 and 6

Answer 30

oculomotor, trochlear and abducens

Question 31

what is the function of cranial nerves 3,4,6

Answer 31

control the 6 muscles that move the eye construct the pupil 3,4,6 make my eyes do tricks

Question 32

what is the name of cranial nerve 5

Answer 32

trigeminal

Question 33

describe the trigeminal nerve

Answer 33

forms a ganglion either side of the pituitary fossa and divides into V1,2,3

Question 34

what is the function of V1-3

Answer 34

sensory innervation face, orbital/nasal/oral cavities, sinuses, anterior tongue, teeth, meninges

Question 35

what is the function of V3

Answer 35

motor innervation: muscles of mastication, mylohyoid and digastric and 2 small muscles in ear and palate

Question 36

sensory innervation divisions of the divisions of trigeminal nerve

Answer 36

supraorbital nerve - skin of forehead branches of nasociliary - tip of nose infraorbital - skin inferior to eye lingual - anterior tongue mental - skin of chin

Question 37

describe the shingles

Answer 37

patient history of varicella caused by varicella zoster virus virus lies dormant in a sensory nerve virus reactivates if immune system is depressed->herbes zoster in area supplied by nerve

Question 38

what is cranial nerve 7 called

Answer 38

facial nerve

Question 39

describe the facial nerve (path)

Answer 39

enters internal acoustic meatus ->facial canal -> exits via stylomastoid foramen

Question 40

what does the facial nerve supply

Answer 40

muscles of facial expression

Question 41

what do the branches of the facial nerve supply

Answer 41

stapedius digastric and stylohyoid muscles taste (ant. tongue) parasympathetic to: submandibular salivary gland and lacrimal gland of eye

Question 42

what is cranial nerve 8

Answer 42

vestibulocochlear

Question 43

describe the path and function of the vestibulocochlear nerve

Answer 43

inters internal acoustic meatus -> inner ear supplies organs of balance (vestibule) and hearing (cochlea)

Question 44

What is cranial nerve 9

Answer 44

glossopharyngeal

Question 45

describe the glossopharyngeal nerve (path)

Answer 45

exits jugular foramen->rungs alongside stylopharyngeus muscle->enters pharynx and contributes to pharyngeal plexus

Question 46

what innervation does glossopharyngeal give

Answer 46

sensory: pharynx and posterior tongue, carotid sinus, carotid body taste: posterior tongue motor: stylopharyngeus parasympathetic to parotid salivary gland

Question 47

where does the stylopharyngeus run from

Answer 47

styloid process to blend in with muscular pharynx

Question 48

what is cranial nerve 10

Answer 48

vagus

Question 49

describe the vagus nerve path

Answer 49

exits via the jugular foramen runs down the neck between major vessels continues into thorax and abdomen to supply parasympathetic innervation

Question 50

where are the motor branches of the vagus nerve to

Answer 50

motor branches to: palate, pharynx and larynx

Question 51

what is cranial nerve 11

Answer 51

spinal accessory nerve

Question 52

describe the spinal accessory nerve path

Answer 52

technically arises from spinal cord passes up through foramen magnum and enters jugular foramen runs with carotid artery down neck and innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

Question 53

what is cranial nerve 7

Answer 53

hypoglossal

Question 54

describe the path of the hypoglossal nerve

Answer 54

exits hypoglossal canal runs anteriorly toward submandibular triangle of neck

Question 55

what does the hypoglossal nerve give innervation to

Answer 55

hypoglossus genioglossus styloglossus intrinsic tongue muscles