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Musculoskeletal Block Module > Upper Limb > Flashcards

Upper Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the shoulder girdle?

A

Scapula
Clavicle
Proximal humerus

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2
Q

What does the clavicle join?

A

Scapula and sternum

Connects the upper limbs to the axial skeleton

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3
Q

What is the difference between the medial and lateral ends of the clavicle?

A

Medial end is rounded

Lateral end is flattened

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4
Q

Name another way to tell the difference between the medial and lateral clavicles.

A

Medial 2/3 of clavicle is convex forwards

Lateral 1/3 of clavicle is concave forwards

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5
Q

How do we tell the difference between the upper and lower surfaces of the clavicle?

A

Upper surface is smooth

Lower surface is rough

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6
Q

What are the two ends of the clavicle called?

A

Medial - sternal facet

Lateral - acromial facet

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7
Q

Name some other features of the clavicle.

A

Conoid process
Subclavian groove
Costal tuberosity

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8
Q

What is the cavity called where the head of the humerus sits?

A

Glenoid cavity/fossa

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9
Q

What two fossas does the scapular spine make on the posterior surface?

A

Supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa

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10
Q

What does the acromion process articulate with?

A

Clavicle

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11
Q

What is the notch called on the scapula (near the corocoid process)?

A

Suprascapular notch

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12
Q

What is the joint called where the sternum attaches to the axial skeleton?

A

Sternomanubrium joint

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13
Q

What is a common place for fracture in the humerus?

A

Surgical neck

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14
Q

Differentiate between the coracoid process, conoid and coronoid.

A

Coracoid process on scapula
Conoid on clavicle
Coronoid process on ulna

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15
Q

Why type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Synovial saddle joint

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16
Q

What does the sternoclavicular joint join?

A

Joins the clavicle to the sternum and first costal cartilage

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17
Q

Name the ligaments associated with the sternoclavicular joint.

A

Anterior sternoclavicular ligament
Costoclavicular ligament
Interclavicular ligament

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18
Q

What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?

A

Synovial plane joint

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19
Q

What ligament is associated with the acromioclavicular joint?

A

Coracoclavicular ligament

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20
Q

What is the coracoclavicular ligament made of?

A

Trapezoid and conoid ligaments

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21
Q

Which ligament is more lateral, trapezoid or conoid?

A

Trapezoid

Conoid appears to twist

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22
Q

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

A

Ball and socket

Head of humerus and glenoid fossa

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23
Q

Which way is the glenohumeral joint prone to dislocating?

A

Anteriorly

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24
Q

Which way is the hip prone to dislocating?

A

Posteriorly

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25
Q

What stabilizes the shoulder joint?

A

Rotator cuff muscle attachments
Long head of biceps and triceps
Ligaments and coracoacromial arch
Glenoid labrum (increases size of glenoid fossa with dense CT), deltoid

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26
Q

What is the function of the subacromial bursa?

A

Facilitate the movement of the supraspinatus tendon

Prevents the supraspinatus tendon from rubbing on arch

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27
Q

What is the function of the subscapular bursa?

A

Prevents the subscapular tendon from rubbing against bone

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28
Q

Name the muscle attachments between the axial skeleton and scapula.

A 
Trapezius 
Rhomboid minor
Rhomboid major 
Levator scapulae
Pectoralis minor 
Serratus anterior
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29
Q

Name the attachments of the trapezius.

A

Attached to vertebral spines and external occipital protrusion of skull
Attaches to lateral part of clavicle, acromion process and spine of scapula

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30
Q

What is the function of the trapezius?

A

Upper fibres elevate shoulder girdle
Middle fibres retract shoulder girdle
Lower fibres depress shoulder girdle

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31
Q

What innervates the trapezius?

A

11th cranial nerve

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32
Q

Describe the attachments of the rhomboid minor and major.

A

Transverse processes of vertebrae to medial border of scapula

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33
Q

Which rhomboid is superior?

A

Rhomboid minor

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34
Q

What is the function of the rhomboids?

A

Retraction of the shoulder girdle

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35
Q

What does the serratus anterior do?

A

Protraction of the shoulder girdle

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36
Q

Describe the attachments of the serratus anterior.

A

Upper 8/9 ribs
First 3 bellies attach to superior angle/medial border
Rest attach to inferior angle

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37
Q

Describe the attachments of the serratus anterior.

A

Upper 8/9 ribs
First 3 bellies attach to superior angle/medial border
Rest attach to inferior angle

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38
Q

What muscle if paralyzed causes winging of the scapula?

A

Serratus anterior

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39
Q

Where does the pectoralis minor attach?

A

Tip of the coracoid process

Ribs 3, 4 and 5

40
Q

What is the function of the pectoralis minor?

A

Protraction and depression of the shoulder girdle

41
Q

Name the muscles between the scapula and humerus

A

Rotator cuff muscles

Teres major

42
Q

Name the rotator cuff muscles.

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Teres minor

43
Q

What is the function of the supraspinatus?

A

Abductor

44
Q

What are the attachments of the supraspinatous muscle?

A

Supraspinous fossa

Attaches to greater tuberosity of humerus

45
Q

What other thing must I remember about the supraspinous muscle?

A

It has a supraspinatous tendon which blends into the ligaments

46
Q

What tendons do I need to remember at the glenohumeral joint?

A

Tendon of the long head of the biceps

Supraspinatous tendon

47
Q

What is the function of the subscapularis?

A

Medial rotator

48
Q

Name the attachments of the subscapularis.

A

Subscapular fossa

Attaches to lesser tuberosity of humerus and medial border of scapulae

49
Q

What is the function of the infraspinatous?

A

Lateral rotator

50
Q

What are the attachments of the infraspinatous?

A

Infraspinous fossa

Attaches to greater tuberosity and medial border

51
Q

What is the function of the teres minor?

A

Lateral rotator

52
Q

What are the attachments of the teres minor?

A

Greater tuberosity of the humerus

53
Q

What is the function of the teres major?

A

Adducts and medially rotates the arm

54
Q

What are the attachments of the teres major?

A

Inferior angle to intertubercular sulcus

55
Q

What are the muscles between the axial skeleton and humerus?

A

Pectoralis major

Latissimus dorsi

56
Q

What is the function of the latissimus dorsi?

A

Adductor of humerus

57
Q

Name the attachments of the latissimus dorsi.

A

Attached to lower vertebral column, sacrum and iliac crest

Attaches to intertubercular groove

58
Q

Name the three parts of the pectoralis major.

A

Clavicular head
Sternocostal head
Abdominal part

59
Q

What is the function of the pectoralis major?

A

Adduction and medial rotation of the humerus

60
Q

What is the pectoralis major attached to?

A

Intertubercular groove
Clavicle
Sternum
Ribs

61
Q

What shape is the apex and what is it made up of?

A

Pyramidal shaped region with 4 walls, an apex and base.

62
Q

Name the parts making up the walls, base and apex of the axilla.

A

Anterior wall - pec major/minor
Posterior wall - scapula/teres major/latissimus dorsi/subscapularis
Lateral wall - intertubercular groove of humerus where there are attachments for pec major, latissimus dorsi and teres major)
Medial wall - thoracic wall/serratus anterior
Apex - entrance from the base of neck to axilla, lies between 1st rib, clavicle and superior edge of subscapularis
Base - armpit formed by skin, subcutaneous tissue and axillary fascia extending from arm to thoracic wall

63
Q

Name the muscles between the humerus and scapula.

A

Rotator cuff muscles (supraspinous, infraspinous, subscapularis, teres minor)
Teres Major

64
Q

What is the function of the supraspinous?

A

Abductor

65
Q

Where does the supraspinous muscle attach?

A

Greater tuberosity of humerus

66
Q

What is the function of the subscapularis?

A

Medial rotator

67
Q

What does the subscapularis attach to?

A

Medial border of scapula, lesser tuberosity of humerus

68
Q

What is the function of the infraspinous?

A

Lateral rotator

69
Q

Where does the infraspinous attach?

A

Greater tuberosity and medial border

70
Q

What is the function of the teres minor?

A

Lateral rotator

71
Q

What is the function of the teres major?

A

Adducts and medially rotates the arm

Above the inferior angle to intertubercular sulcus

72
Q

What is the function of the deltoid?

A

Anterior fibres - flex the arm
Middle fibres - abduct the arm
Posterior fibres - extend the arm

73
Q

Where is the subclavius found?

A

Above and medial to pec minor

Passes the first rib, laterally and slightly upwards to inferior surface of clavicle

74
Q

What passes through the axilla?

A

Blood vessels and nerves which supply the upper limb

Neck –> axilla –> UL

75
Q

Describe the arterial supply of the upper limb.

A

Brachiocephalic trunk branches to form subclavian artery on right side.
Arch of aorta branches to form subclavian artery on left side.
Subclavian artery –> axillary artery (from outer border of 1st rib) –> brachial artery from lower border of teres major

76
Q

Describe the veins of the upper limb.

A

Subclavian vein –> axillary vein –> brachial vein

And superficial veins

77
Q

Name the movements of the anterior compartment of the arm.

A

Flexion of elbow

Supination

78
Q

Name the innervation and supply of the anterior compartment of the arm.

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

Brachial artery

79
Q

Name the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm.

A

Biceps brachii
Coracobrachialis
Brachialsis

80
Q

What is the most powerful supinator?

A

Biceps brachii

81
Q

What is the most powerful elbow flexor?

A

Brachialis

82
Q

Where does the long head of the biceps brachii tendon travel?

A

Travels in the intertubercular groove and attaches above the glenoid fossa

83
Q

Where does the distal part of the biceps brachii attach?

A

tuberosity of radius

84
Q

Name the attachments of the short head of the biceps brachii.

A

Joins with coracobrachialis to make tendon joining the tip of the coracoid process

85
Q

Bicipital aponeurosis remember this!!

A
86
Q

What does the brachialis attach to?

A

Coronoid process of the ulna

87
Q

Name the innervation and supply of the posterior compartment of the arm.

A

Radial nerve

Profunda brachii artery

88
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

Triceps - lateral head, long head and medial head (deep)

89
Q

What do the triceps attach to and what movements do they perform?

A

Attach to the olecranon process of the ulna

Extension of the arm/forearm

90
Q

Pronator teres

A

Median nerve
Medial epicondyle and coronoid process of ulnar to lateral side of radius
Ulnar and radial artery
Pronation of forearm

91
Q

What is the most lateral structure in the carpal tunnel?

A

Tendon of flexor carpi radialis

92
Q

Flexor carpi radials

A

Medial epicondyle to base of 2nd/3rd metacarpals
Median nerve
Radial artery
Wrist flexion and wrist abduction

93
Q

Palmaris Longus

A

Medial epicondyle to palmar aponeurosis
Median nerve
Ulnar and median artery

94
Q

Flexor carpi ulnaris

A

Medial epicondyle to pisiform
Ulnar artery
Ulnar nerve

95
Q

Flexor digitorum superficialis

A

Medial epicondyle, ulnar collateral ligament, coronoid process, oblique ridge on radius
Ulnar artery
Median nerve

96
Q

Flexor digitorum profundus

A 
Deep to flexor digitorum superificialis 
Attach to phalanges
Medial 2 digits = ulnar nerve
Rest = Median nerve
Ulnar artery
96
Q

F

A

Musculoskeletal Block Module (10 decks)

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