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Musculoskeletal Block Module > Muscles of the Lower Limbs > Flashcards

Muscles of the Lower Limbs Flashcards

1
Q

Name the muscles acting on the hip joint (ball and socket)

A

Flexors/Extensors
Abductors/Adductors
Medial/Lateral Rotators

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2
Q

Name the muscles acting on the knee joint (condylar)

A

Extensors/Flexors, Medial/Lateral

Rotators of flexed knee

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3
Q

Name the muscles acting on the ankle (hinge) and foot

A

Plantarflexors/Dorsiflexors

Inverters/Everters

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4
Q

Name the muscles acting on the toes (hinge)

A

Flexors/extensors

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5
Q

What are the movements that occur at the hip joint?

A 
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction 
Medial (internal) rotation
Lateral (external) rotation 
(Circumduction)
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6
Q

Name the different types of fascia you get in the lower limb.

A

Superficial fascia
Deep fascia
Fascia lata
Crural fascia

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7
Q

Describe the components of superficial fascia.

A

Fat, cutaneous nerves, lymphatics, superficial veins and arteries.

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8
Q

Describe the functions of the deep fascia.

A

Decrease friction
Aids venous return
Form intermuscular septa for compartments

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9
Q

Where is the fascia lata?

A

In thigh deep fascia

Thickened lateral side is the iliotibial band/tract ITB

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10
Q

Where is the crural fascia?

A

In leg deep fascia

Thickening of this fascia forms retinaculum/retinacula in the foot.

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11
Q

How many compartments are the lower limbs arranged in?

A

3 (anterior, posterior, medial)

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12
Q

What noticable feature does the posterior compartment contain?

A

Sciatic nerve

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13
Q

What noticable feature does the medial compartment contain?

A

Blood vessels

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14
Q

What is the iliotibial tract?

A

Thickened band of deep fascia in the thigh (fascia lata)

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15
Q

What is the function of the iliotibial tract?

A

Provides attachments for gluteus maximus and tensor fascia latae muscles
Stabilizes the femur on tibia (allows knee extensors to relax when standing)
Extends from iliac crest to lateral condyle of tibia

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16
Q

Name the main hip joint extensor

A

Gluteus maximus

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17
Q

Where does the nerve supply for the inferior gluteal come from?

A

L5, S1,2

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18
Q

Name all the hip joint extensors.

A

Gluteus maximus
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

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19
Q

What 3 muscles are known as the hamstring muscles?

A

Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
They are knee flexors and rotators as well

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20
Q

Where is the semitendinosus, semimembranosus and long head of the biceps femoris from?

A

From the ischial tuberosity

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21
Q

Where does the short head of the biceps femoris come from?

A

From lower linea aspera

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22
Q

What are the muscles in the two regions that contribute to hip extension called?

A

Superficial gluteal group

Posterior thigh group

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23
Q

What is the posterior thigh group innervated by?

A

They are innervated by the sacral plexus-tibial n L4,5-S1,2,3

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24
Q

What are the hip joint flexor muscles?

A

Iliopsoas
Rectus femoris
Sartorius

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25
Q

What plane is the iliopsoas in, in proportion to the hip?

A

Anterior of hip

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26
Q

What makes up the iliopsoas?

A

Iliacus

Psoas Major

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27
Q

Where does the rectus femoris attach?

A

Attaches above hip joint to tibial tuberosity via patella ligament

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28
Q

Name the different muscles of the quadriceps femoris group.

A 
Rectus femoris 
Vastus lateralis 
Vastus medialis 
Vastus intermedius 
*** All end in quadriceps tendon & patella & to tibial tuberosity via the patella ligament***
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29
Q

Which two groups in the anterior thigh region contribute to hip flexion?

A 
Pelvic group (iliopsoas)
Anterior thigh group
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30
Q

What innervates the pelvic group and anterior thigh group?

A

Lumbar plexus (L1-4)

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31
Q

Name the hip joint abductors.

A

Gluteus medias
Gluteus minimus (both to greater trochanter and laterally placed) (superficial gluteal group)
Tensor fascia lata (innervated by the sacral plexus)

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32
Q

What is a sign for weak hip abductor muscles?

A

Trendelenburg sign

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33
Q

Where does the nerve come from that innervates the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus?

A

Innervated by nerve from sacral plexus - superior gluteal n (L4,5,S1)

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34
Q

What is the Trendelenburg sign/gait?

A

Damage to the nerve from sacral plexus - pelvis wil drop on opposite side and give this gait.

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35
Q

What are the hip joint adductors?

A

Medial thigh group:

  • adductor magnus
  • adductor longus
  • adductor brevis
  • pectineus
  • gracilis
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36
Q

Which compartment hosts the hip adductors?

A

Medial compartment

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37
Q

What innervates the hip adductors?

A

Innervated by the lumbar plexus - obturator nerve (L2-4)

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38
Q

Which is the largest of the adductors?

A

Adductor magnus

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39
Q

Which is the most superficial of the adductors?

A

Gracilis

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40
Q

What are the lateral rotators of the hip joint?

A

Deep gluteal group

  • piriformis
  • gemelli superior & inferior
  • obturator muscles-internus & externus
  • quadratus femoris
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41
Q

What are the medial rotators of the hip joint?

A

Superficial gluteal group
- gluteus medius
- gluteus minimus
Antero-lateral muscle - tensor fascia latae

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42
Q

Which are the stronger rotators of the hip joint? Medial or lateral

A

Lateral rotators

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43
Q

Describe the location of the piriformis.

A

Starts inside the pelvis from sacrum & through the greater sciatic foramen to greater trochanter

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44
Q

Which muscle is the deepest of the gluteals?

A

Gluteus minimus

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45
Q

Name the extensor muscles of the knee joint.

A

Quadriceps femoris

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46
Q

Name the flexor muscles of the knee joint.

A

Hamstrings, gastrocnemius, sartorius

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47
Q

Name the medial rotators of the knee joint.

A

Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Sartorius, gracilis, popliteus

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48
Q

Name the lateral rotators of the knee joint.

A

Biceps femoris

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49
Q

What muscles in two regions contribute to knee flexion?

A

Posterior thigh group

Posterior leg group

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50
Q

What innervates the posterior thigh group and posterior leg group?

A

Tibial division of the sciatic nerve (L4,5,S1,2,3) from sacral plexus

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51
Q

Name the muscles that take part in dorsiflexion of the ankle.

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus

52
Q

Name the muscles that take part in plantarflexion of the ankle.

A

Gastrocnemius, soleus
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Flexor Hallucis longus
Tibialis posterior

53
Q

Name the inverter muscles of the foot.

A

Tibialis anterior and posterior

54
Q

Name the everter muscles of the foot.

A

Fibularis/peroneus longus and brevis

55
Q

List the superficial layer of plantarflexors in the ankle.

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
(plantaris)

56
Q

List the deep layer of plantarflexors in the ankle.

A

Tibialis posterior
Flexor Hallucis Longus
Flexor Digitorum Longus

57
Q

What holds the deep layer of plantarflexors in place?

A

The flexor retinaculum on the medial side of the ankle.

58
Q

Name the structures associated with the tarsal tunnel.

A 
Tibialis posterior 
Flexor digitorum longus 
Posterior tibial artery 
Posterior tibial vein 
Tibial nerve 
Flexor hallucis longus
59
Q

Name the muscles in the anterior leg group for ankle dorsiflexion.

A

Tibialis anterior
EHL (extensor hallicus longus)
EDL (extensor digitorum longus)

60
Q

What holds the anterior leg group muscles in place for ankle dorsiflexion?

A

Thickenings of the deep fascia - extensory retinaculum

61
Q

What joint is responsible for foot inversion and eversion?

A

Subtalar joint (below talus and above calcaneus)

62
Q

What are the different groups and muscles involved in foot inversion?

A

Deep posterior group - tibialis posterior

Anterior group - tibialis anterior

63
Q

What are the different groups and muscles involved in foot eversion?

A

Lateral group of the leg - fibularis longus and fibularis brevis

64
Q

Name the toe flexor muscles.

A

Posterior compartment - flexor hallucis longus & brevis, flexor digitorum longus & brevis

65
Q

Name the toe extensor muscles.

A

Anterior compartment - EHL, extensor digitorum longus and brevis

66
Q

Where are the toe flexor muscles situated?

A

Deep posterior group of the leg
Intrinsic muscles in sole of the foot
Four layers of muscles in sole of foot
All covered by the plantar aponeurosis

67
Q

Where are the toe extensors situated?

A

Anterior leg group

Intrinsic foot muscles

68
Q

Summary

What is the function of the pelvic group?

A

Hip flexion

69
Q

Summary

What is the function of the superficial layer of the gluteal group?

A

Hip extension/abduction/medial rotation

70
Q

Summary

What is the function of the deep layer of the gluteal group?

A

Hip lateral rotation

71
Q

Summary

What is the function of the anterior group of the thigh?

A

Hip flexion; knee extension

72
Q

Summary

What is the function of the posterior group of the thigh?

A

Hip extension; knee flexion

73
Q

Summary

What is the function of the medial group of the thigh?

A

Hip adduction/medial rotation

74
Q

Summary

What is the function of the anterior group of the leg?

A

Ankle dorsiflexion; foot inversion; toe extension

75
Q

Summary

What is the function of the posterior group of the leg?

A

Ankle plantarflexion

76
Q

Summary

What is the function of the superficial layer of the leg?

A

Knee flexion

77
Q

Summary

What is the function of the deep layer of the leg?

A

Foot inversion; toe flexion

78
Q

Summary

What is the function of the lateral group of the leg?

A

Foot eversion (ankle plantarflexion)

79
Q

Name the hip muscles.

A 
Anterior (iliopsoas, rectus femoris)
Posterior (gluteus maximus, hamstrings) 
Medial (adductors)
Lateral (gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fascia lata) 
Rotator muscles (deep posterior)
80
Q

Psoas Major

A

Attaches to all lumbar vertebrae

Attaches onto lesser trochanter as iliopsoas tendon

81
Q

Iliacus

A

In iliac fossa
Hip flexor
Attaches onto lesser trochanter as iliopsoas tendon

82
Q

Where is the psoas minor positioned?

A

On top of the psoas major

83
Q

Gluteus maximus

A

Hip Extensor
Inferior gluteal nerve L5-S2
Inserts into gluteal tuberosity and IT band
Attaches onto posterior gluteal surface of hip

84
Q

Gluteus medius

A

Hip abductor
Superior gluteal nerve L4-S1
Attaches onto greater trochanter

85
Q

Gluteus minimus

A

Hip abductor
Superior gluteal nerve L4-S1
Attaches onto greater trochanter

86
Q

What side of the pelvis drops in the Trendelenburg gait?

A

Side opposite to the damaged superior gluteal nerve.

87
Q

Name the innervation and supply of the abductors of the hip.

A

Gluteus medius, minimus and tensor fascia lata are supplied by the superior gluteal nerve, artery and vein.

88
Q

What fibres of which muscles are medial rotators of the hip?

A

Anterior fibres of the gluteus minimus and gluteus medius.

89
Q

Tensor Fascia Lata

A

Hip abductor/medial rotator of hip

Anterior superior iliac spine to IT band

90
Q

Piriformis

A

Lateral rotator of hip

Front of 2nd to 4th sacral segments through greater sciatic foramen onto medial aspect of greater trochanter

91
Q

Quadratus femoris

A

Lateral rotator

Posterior aspect

92
Q

Obturator externus

A

Lateral rotator

Huge attachment to exterior part of hip

93
Q

Obturator internus

A

Lateral rotator

Internal attachment to hip

94
Q

Superior/Inferior Gemelli

A

Lateral rotators

Sandwich obturator internus

95
Q

State the order of the muscles near the gluteal surface of the hip.

A 
Piriformis 
Superior Gamellus 
Obturator Internus 
Inferior Gamellus 
Quadratus Femoris
96
Q

What is the innervation and supply of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Femoral nerve

Deep femoral artery/vein

97
Q

What are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Sartorius

Quadriceps femoris - rectus femoris, vastus intermedialis, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis

98
Q

What is the function of the sartorius?

A

Knee flexor
Hip flexor
Medial rotator of the knee

99
Q

Describe the attachments of the sartorius.

A

ASIS to pes anserinus which inserts onto tibia

100
Q

What are the functions of the quadriceps femoris group?

A

Hip flexor

Knee extensor

101
Q

Which muscle attaches lower down in the quadriceps femoris group?

A

Vastus medialis

102
Q

Which side is the patella more likely to dislocate?

A

Laterally

103
Q

Which side is the patella more likely to dislocate?

A

Laterally

104
Q

What is the innervation and supply for the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A 
Sciatic nerve (tibial branch, except for short head of biceps femoris which is common fibular branch) 
Deep femoral artery/vein
105
Q

Name the subdivisions of the hamstring muscles and their functions.

A

Biceps femoris (long and short heads) - hip flexor, lateral rotator of knee
Semitendinosus*
Semimembranosus*
* Both are hip flexors and medial rotators of the knee

106
Q

Which two hamstring muscles come from the same tendon?

A

Long head of biceps femoris and semitendinosus

107
Q

Which nerve supplies the short head of the biceps femoris?

A

Common fibular nerve

108
Q

Which muscles form the pes anserinus tendon?

A

Sartorius
Semitendinosus
Gracilis

109
Q

What is the innervation and supply of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Obturator nerve

Deep femoral artery/vein

110
Q

Name the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh.

A 
Gracilis
Pectineus 
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
111
Q

Name the borders of the femoral triangle.

A 
Inguinal ligament (superior) 
Sartorius (lateral)
Adductor longus (medial)
112
Q

Name the contents of the femoral triangle.

A 
From lateral to medial: 
Femoral nerve
Femoral artery
Femoral vein 
Lymphatics 
= NAVY
113
Q

Name the innervation and supply of the anterior compartment?

A

Deep fibular nerve

Anterior tibial artery

114
Q

Name the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg.

A

Tibialis anterior
EHL
EDL

115
Q

Where does the tibialis anterior attach?

A

Medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal

116
Q

What causes foot drop?

A

Damage to the common fibular nerve

117
Q

Where does the FHL and FDL attach?

A

Dorsal surface on the base of the distal phalanx

118
Q

What is the innervation and supply of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibial nerve and posterior tibial artery

119
Q

Name the muscles in the superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the leg vs the muscles in the deep layer.

A

Superficial layer = gastrocnemius, soleus and popliteus

Deep layer = tibialis posterior, FHL, FDL

120
Q

Where does the posterior tibialis muscle attach?

A

Navicular and medial cuneiform

121
Q

What is the innervation and supply of the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Superficial fibular nerve

Fibular artery

122
Q

Name the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg.

A

Fibularis longus and fibularis brevis

123
Q

Where does the fibularis longus insert?

A

Medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal

124
Q

Where does the fibularis brevis attach?

A

Base of 5th metatarsal

125
Q

What structures are involved in forming the tarsal tunnel?

A

Talus
Calcaneus and sustentaculum tali
Flexor retinaculum
Medial malleolus

126
Q

Name the contents found in the tarsal tunnel.

A 
Tibialis posterior 
FDL 
Posterior tibial artery 
Posterior tibial vein 
Tibial nerve
FHL

Musculoskeletal Block Module (10 decks)

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