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Musculoskeletal Block Module > Histology of the Skin > Flashcards

Histology of the Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest organ of the body?

A

Skin

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2
Q

What percentage of body weight does the skin make?

A

15%

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3
Q

What is the thickness range of skin?

A

1.5-5mm

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4
Q

List the functions of the skin.

A 
Protective 
- barrier against microbial organisms 
- against mechanical, chemical, osmotic, thermal, UV, radiation damage 
- immunological response 
Biomedical synthesize 
- vit D under influence of UVB
Homeostasis
- controlling body temp 
- sweating - sweat glands  
Major sensory organ 
- touch, temperature, pain
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5
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

Self-renewing stratified epithelia tissue

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6
Q

What is the predominant cell in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

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7
Q

List the other types of cells found in the epidermis.

A

Langerhans cells - immune function
Merkel cells - sensory nerve ending
Melanocytes - produce melanin pigment

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8
Q

What mediates the turnover of keratinocytes?

A

Stem cell - basal layer

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9
Q

Describe the renewal of keratinocytes.

A

Undergo continuous renewal throughout life

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10
Q

List the layers of the epidermis.

A 
Cornified layer (Stratum corneum)
Clear layer (Stratum lucidum) 
Granular layer (Stratum granulosum) 
Spinous/prickle cell layer (Stratum spinosum) 
Basal layer (Stratum basale)
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11
Q

Where are the keratinocyte stem cells found?

A

Basal layer

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12
Q

What shape are keratinocytes?

A

Columnar in shape

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13
Q

What is the basal layer the site of?

A

Epidermal cellular proliferation

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14
Q

What is the function of desmosomes?

A

Connect plasma membranes of basal keratinocytes

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15
Q

Name the function of hemidesmosomes.

A

Connect basal keratinocytes to basal lamina.

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16
Q

What does the basal layer cytoplasm consist of?

A

Melanosomes and keratin filament bundles (keratin tonofilaments)

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17
Q

What are the basal keratinocytes in contact with?

A

Basal lamina (lamina lucida and lamina densa)

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18
Q

What other cells are present in the basal layer?

A

Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells

19
Q

What does the prickle/spiny cells layer consist of?

A

Closely packed keratinocytes (connected to each other by desmosomes which provides tensile strength)

20
Q

What does the cytoplasm of the spiny cell layer consist of?

A

Melanosomes

21
Q

What cells are also present in the spiny layer?

A

Langerhans cells

NO MERKEL CELLS

22
Q

What does the granular layer consist of?

A

3-4 layers of flattened cells

23
Q

What happens to nuclei and organelles in the granular layer?

A

Become disintegrated

24
Q

What makes up the water barrier of the granular layer?

A

Densely stained keratocyte hyaline granules

25
Q

Describe what happens to the cytokeratin filament bundles in the granular layer.

A

Cytokeratin filament bundles become more compact

26
Q

What does the cornified layer consist of?

A

Closely packed/flattened cells/ corneocytes

Packed with keratin filaments

27
Q

What do the cells of the cornified layer lack?

A

Lack nucleus & membranous organelles

28
Q

List qualities of melanocytes.

A

Present at the basal lamina
Produce melanin pigment
Lack desmosome connections with keratinocytes
Present hemidesmosomes connection with basal lamina

29
Q

Describe the characteristics of langerhans cells.

A

Immune function

Distributed in both basal and spiny layers

30
Q

List the qualities of merkel cells.

A

Present in basal lamina
Sensory nerve ending (touch sensation)
Has desmosomes connections to keratinocytes

31
Q

What is the dermis made up of?

A

Irregular, moderately dense CT
Meshwork of collagen (tensile strength) and elastin (stretch/recoil) fibres
Ground substance (glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins and water)

32
Q

What does the dermis contain?

A

Fibroblasts, plasma cells, macrophages, blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, epidermal appendages (hair, sweat galnds and sebaceous glands)

33
Q

Name the two regions of the dermis.

A

Reticular layer

Papillary layer

34
Q

Describe the differences between the papillary layer and reticular layer.

A

Papillary Layer
- immediately next to the epidermis
- can find rete ridges which interdigitate with rete pegs
- predominantly consist of collagen type III and some elastic fibres
- fine and loosely packed collagens
- sensory receptors (Meissner’s corpuscles)
Reticular Layer
- no proper boundary between papillary and reticular layer
- absent
- collagen type II with some elastin fibers
- thick, irregular bundles of collage
- sensory receptors (Pacinian corpuscles) - also present in hypodermis

35
Q

What is the hypodermis made up of?

A 
Layer of connective tissue of variable thickness, deeper to dermis 
Mainly consists of adipose tissue 
Blood vessels (BV), nerves and lymphatics travel through it
36
Q

What is the function of the hypodermis?

A

Increase morbidity of skin

Adipose - thermal insulation, shock absorber, store metabolic energy

37
Q

Name the accessory structures & their function.

A

Hair - sensory/thermoregulation
Sebaceous glands - produce sebum, epidermal barrier
Sweat glands (apocrine, eccrine/regular) - thermoregulation

38
Q

Sweat glands (Eccrine)

A

Secretions from the secretory cells will be passed to the eccrine duct
Duct is deeply stained

39
Q

What do the sensory receptors detect?

A

Touch
Pressure
Temp
Pain

40
Q

Where are meissner corpuscles found?

A

Dermal papillae

41
Q

What is the function of the meissner corpuscles?

A

Rapidly adoptive mechanoreceptor

Sensitive to touch

42
Q

Where are Pacinian corpuscles found?

A

Deep in dermis & hypodermis

43
Q

List the functions of the Pacinian corpuscles and associated features.

A

Rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors
Sensitive to pressure & vibration
Has a capsule, intermediate zone and a central core
Central core contains an axon terminal

Musculoskeletal Block Module (10 decks)

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