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T1 Anatomy > Upper Limb > Flashcards

Upper Limb Flashcards

1
Q

a.k.a. the pectoral girdle, the thoracic girdle

A

The shoulder joint

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2
Q

____ skeleton: the skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs

A

axial

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3
Q

___________ skeleton: shoulders, upper limbs, hips, lower limbs

A

appendicular

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4
Q

first bone in the body to ossify

A

clavicle

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5
Q

T/F: the clavicle is lateral convex anteriorly, medial concave anteriorly

A

False: lateral concave anteriorly, medial convex anteriorly

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6
Q

the most common location for fracture in the clavicle

A

the flattened lateral 1/3rd

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7
Q

which bone connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton?

A

the clavicle

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8
Q

The scapula sits flat against rib cage from (approximately) the ___ – ___ ribs (when standing in anatomical position with proper posture)

A

2nd-7th ribs

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9
Q

where the head of the humerus articulates with the scapula

A

glenoid fossa aka glenoid cavity

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10
Q

Which joint is a functional joint rather than a true anatomical one?

A

The Scapulothoracic joint (ST joint)

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11
Q

Which 6 movements are available at the ST joint?

A

elevation: a gliding motion with the scapula moving superiorly
depression: a gliding motion with the scapula moving inferiorly
retraction/adduction: a gliding motion with the scapula moving towards the spine
protraction/abduction: a gliding motion with the scapula moving away from the spine
upward/lateral rotation: the glenoid fossa moves superiorly (the inferior angle moves laterally) (anterior-posterior axis, frontal plane)
downward/medial rotation: the glenoid fossa moves inferiorly (the inferior angle moves medially)

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12
Q

The sternal end of the clavicle articulates with the manubrium in this joint

A

Sternoclavicular (SC) Joint

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13
Q

What kind of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Synovial, plane

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14
Q

Which 5 motions are available at the SC joint?

A

superior/inferior glide
anterior/posterior glide
rotation (M-L axis)
scapular depression: sternal end of the clavicle moves superiorly
scapular elevation: sternal end of the clavicle moves inferiorly

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15
Q

Where is the costoclavicular ligament?

A

inferior clavicle ⬄ 1st rib

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16
Q

The acromial end of the clavicle articulates with the acromion of the scapula in this joint. Give its name and type.

A 
The acromioclavicular (AC) joint
-plane, synovial
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17
Q

What motions are available at the AC joint?

A

anterior/posterior glide

some mild rotation

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18
Q

Name the arch formed by the coracoid process, the coracoacromial ligament and the acromion

A

The coracoacromial arch

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19
Q

Name the common fracture site of the humerus

A

Surgical neck

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20
Q

a.k.a. intertubercular groove, intertubercular sulcus

A

Bicipital groove

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21
Q

Name the joint where the glenoid fossa of the scapula articulates with the head of the humerus, and name its joint type.

A

Glenohumeral (GH) joint.

Synovial, ball and socket

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22
Q

fibrocartilagenous ring that attaches to the glenoid fossa

it deepens the joint

A

glenoid labrum

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23
Q

The GH joint is weakest inferiorly at the ___________

A

axillary recess

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24
Q

There is a weak spot in the GH joint capsule anteriorly called the ____________ (in Netter, it’s the opening indicated as the ‘communication of subtendinous bursa of subscapularis’)

A

foramen of Weitbrecht

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25
Q

Ligament that attaches the coracoid process to the greater tubercle of the humerus

A

Coracohumeral ligament

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26
Q

Bursa between the acromion and the GH joint capsule

A

Subacromial bursa

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27
Q

Bursa between the deltoid muscle and the joint capsule. Often connected with the subacromial bursa

A

Subdeltoid bursa

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28
Q

the scapula sits at an angle of approximately ____ relative to the frontal and sagittal planes

A

45 degrees

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29
Q

movement of the arm in the 45 degree plane is termed________

30
Q

Many functional activities occur in this plane because there is less tension on the joint capsule and greater elevation is possible than with pure frontal or sagittal plane elevation.

31
Q

T/F either internal or external rotation of the humerus is needed to prevent impingement when moving in scaption.

A

False: neither internal nor external rotation of the humerus is needed to prevent impingement.

32
Q

___________ of the arm involves movement at the glenohumeral (GH) joint, the scapulothoracic (ST) articulation, the acromioclavicular (AC) joint, and the sternoclavicular (SC) joint.

33
Q

During abduction of the arm at 0 - 15 degrees, how much does the scapula move relative to the GH joint?

A

The scapula doesn’t move at all

34
Q

During abduction of the arm at 15 - 120 degrees, what is the ratio of movement between the Glenohumeral joint and the Scapulothoracic joint?

A

2:1 ratio (GH:ST)

35
Q

During abduction of the arm at 120 - 180 degrees, what is the ratio of movement between the Glenohumeral joint and the Scapulothoracic joint?

A

1:1 ration (GH:ST)

36
Q

during abduction of the humerus, the humerus must undergo ________________ (this usually happens around 90 degrees of abduction)

A

external rotation

37
Q

Why must the humerus externally rotate to fully abduct?

A

It helps the greater tubercle clear the coracoacromial arch (preventing impingement)

38
Q

the cervical spine has 1) vertebrae
the thoracic spine has 2) vertebrae
the lumbar spine has 3) vertebrae

A

1) 7
2) 12
3) 5

39
Q

the sacrum is considered 1 bone (made of _ fused vertebrae)

40
Q

the coccyx is considered 1 bone (made of (usually) _ fused vertebrae)

41
Q

the posterior prominences of the spine are called 1)

the lateral prominences of the spine are called 2)

A

1) spinous processes

2) transverse processes

42
Q

Name the available movements at the spine

A

flexion
extension
rotation (left, right)
lateral flexion or side bending (left, right)

43
Q

The thoracolumbar fascia is extensive fascia in the low back that covers from the 1) to the 2)

A

1) 12th thoracic rib

2) iliac crest

44
Q

Name the superior and inferior attachments of upper trapezius

A

superior attachment: middle 1/3rd of the superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance (inion) to the C7 SP via the nuchal ligament
inferior attachment: lateral clavicle, acromion, superior lip of the spine of the scapula

45
Q

What movements do the upper traps perform?

A

head/neck fixed:

action: S-T elevation
action: S-T upward rotation

scapula fixed:

action: head/neck extension (bilaterally contracting)
action: head/neck ipsilateral lateral flexion
action: head/neck contralateral rotation

46
Q

Name the attachments and movement of the middle traps

A

medial attachment: C7-T5 SPs
inferior attachment: superior lip of the spine of the scapula
action: S-T retraction

47
Q

Name the attachments and movement of the lower traps

A

medial attachment: T6-T12 SPs
inferior attachment: root of the spine of the scapula
action: S-T depression (when acting with pectoralis minor)
action: S-T upward rotation

48
Q

Which muscle is Latin for “widest of the back”?

A

Latissimus Dorsi

49
Q

Name the attachments of latissimus dorsi

A

Medial attachment: SP T6 – iliac crest, lumbar and sacral vertebrae via the thoracolumbar fascia, ribs 9-12, inferior angle of the scapula (this is an inconsistent attachment)

lateral attachment: floor of the bicipital groove

50
Q

Name the actions of latissimus dorsi

A

action: G-H internal rotation
action: G-H extension
action: G-H adduction
“handcuff movements”

51
Q

Name the attachments of the rhomboids

A

medial attachment: SP C7-T5

lateral attachment: root of the spine of the scapula to the inferior angle of the scapula

52
Q

Name the movements of the rhomboids

A

action: S-T retraction
action: S-T downward rotation
action: S-T elevation
action: help serratus anterior hold the scapula against the ribs

used when forcibly lowering raised upper limbs (i.e. chopping wood)

53
Q

Name the origin and insertion of levator scapula

A

superior attachment: TVP’s of C1 - C4

inferior attachment: superior angle to the root of the spine of the scapula

54
Q

Name the actions of levator scapula

A

head/neck fixed:

action: S-T elevation
action: S-T downward rotation

scapula fixed:

action: head/neck extension (when bilaterally contracting)
action: head/neck ipsilateral lateral flexion
action: head/neck ipsilateral rotation

55
Q

T/F: levator scapula twists from one attachment
to the other - this can make it easier to
palpate.

56
Q

Name the attachments of pectoralis major

A 
2 divisions: upper fibres (clavicular head) and lower fibres (sternocostal head)
medial attachment (upper fibres): medial ½ of the anterior clavicle
medial attachment (lower fibres): sternum, anterior costal cartilages of ribs 2-6
lateral attachment (both heads): lateral lip of the bicipital groove
57
Q

Name the actions of pectoralis major

A

action: G-H medial rotation
action: G-H adduction
action: G-H flexion (from deep extension)
action: G-H extension (from deep flexion)
action: G-H horizontal adduction

58
Q

Name the attachments of pectoralis minor

A

superior attachment: coracoid process

inferior attachment: ribs 3-5

59
Q

Name the actions of pectoralis minor

A

action: S-T depression (when acting with lower trapezius)
action: S-T downward rotation
action: if the scapula is fixed, pectoralis minor helps to elevate the ribs with forced inhalation

60
Q

With a tipping scapula, the inferior angle of the scapula moves posteriorly off of the rib cage. This is likely due to a short _____________

A

pectoralis minor

61
Q

Name the attachments of subclavius

A

medial attachment: 1st rib and its costal cartilage

lateral attachment: middle 1/3rd of the inferior surface of the clavicle

62
Q

Name the actions of subclavius

A

action: anchors, depresses and draws the clavicle medially

serves as a cushion between a fractured clavicle and subclavian structures

63
Q

Name the attachments of serratus anterior

A

medial attachment: anterior surface of the medial border of the scapula
lateral attachment: lateral surfaces of the upper 8 ribs

64
Q

Name the actions of serratus anterior

A

action: S-T protraction
action: S-T upward rotation (lower fibres only)

65
Q

this muscle keeps the medial border of the scapula flat against the ribs – if weak, a winging scapula can present (the medial border of the scapula moves off the ribcage)

A

serratus anterior

66
Q

Name the origins and common attachment of the anterior, middle and posterior deltoids

A 
medial attachment (anterior): anterior lateral 1/3rd of the clavicle
medial attachment (middle): lateral acromion
medial attachment (posterior): spine of the scapula (421)
lateral attachment: deltoid tuberosity
67
Q

Name the actions of the deltoids

A

action (all): G-H abduction
action (anterior head): G-H medial rotation, flexion, horizontal adduction
action (posterior head): G-H lateral rotation, extension, horizontal abduction

68
Q

Name the attachments and actions of Supraspinatus

A

medial attachment: supraspinous fossa
lateral attachment: superior facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus (also the G-H joint capsule)
action: abduction/scaption
action: stabilizes the G-H joint by ‘tucking’ the head of the humerus up into the glenoid fossa

69
Q

Name the attachments and actions of Infraaspinatus

A

medial attachment: infraspinous fossa
lateral attachment: middle facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus (also the G-H joint capsule)
action: G-H external rotation

70
Q

Name the attachments and actions of Teres minor

A

medial attachment: lateral middle border of the scapula (between triceps and teres major)
lateral attachment: inferior facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus (also the G-H joint capsule)
action: G-H external rotation

71
Q

Name the attachments and actions of Subscapularis

A

medial attachment: subscapular fossa
lateral attachment: lesser tubercle of the humerus (also the G-H joint capsule)
action: G-H internal rotation

72
Q

Name the attachments and actions of Teres major

A

medial attachment: posterior surface of the inferior angle of the scapula
lateral attachment: medial lip of the bicipital groove
action: G-H internal rotation
action: G-H extension
action: G-H adduction

T1 Anatomy (7 decks)

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